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Antibiotics: Overuse and Resistance

Antibiotics: Overuse and Resistance. Chris Cavero. Background.

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Antibiotics: Overuse and Resistance

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  1. Antibiotics:Overuse and Resistance Chris Cavero

  2. Background • A friend had a wisdom tooth removal, and was not prescribed antibiotics like I was when I had mine removed. The painkillers made her sick, and caused vomiting. Although there were no antibiotics used, she still did not get an infection within the open wounds in her mouth. • I believe the answer to why the wound did not get infected was because antibiotics were not particularly needed for this.

  3. ANSWERS • My first question was answered after visiting a couple websites. • On the WebMD website, they state “If you have a condition that puts you at high risk for developing a severe infection, you may need to take antibiotics before and after the extraction”. • Similarly, in an article on Surgical Arts Centre’s website, they provide information on when the antibiotics should be given:

  4. ANSWERS • Doris Eckel (MD) and Ellen Poeschl(MD) from the University Hospital for Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery in Vienna Medical School in Austria conducted a study to determine whether postoperative prophylactic antibiotic treatment in third molar surgery is actually needed. • Their conclusion was as follows: • This evidence supports my hypothesis that the drugs were probably unnecessary in this circumstance. • Further, this made me wonder how much doctors are actually overprescribing. I then had to find answers to this question.

  5. Overuse • I came to find out that doctors are not only prescribing antibiotics frantically within the area of oral surgery, but generally for many illnesses that do not require such a drug as an antibiotic. • After taking a visit to the CDC’s website, I was introduced to the shocking facts of how bad the over-prescription rates are.

  6. Overuse • To the left is a map taken from the CDC’s website of the US showing antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 by state in the year 2014. • Due to the overuse of antibiotics, a problem has risen: antibiotic resistance. • As a result, companies are spending less time for research and development of new antibiotic agents.

  7. Resistance • In a read from the LA Times, we are informed about a particular condition in which doctors frequently prescribe antibiotics. This would happen to be acute bronchitis. • Nearly 7 out of 10 patients that ask their doctor about a treatment receive an antibiotic for their acute bronchitis. The authors of the Journal of the American Medical Association claim that this number should be 0 out of 10. • The NY Times provides us insight on how antibiotic resistance is a problem not just in the US, but worldwide. It is shown that more than 58,000 newborns in India have deceased due to birth with a bacterial infection that is resistant to current antibiotics.

  8. Resistance • It is not only the doctors at fault, but farmers partially as well. According to a website created by the University of California Museum of Paleontology with support provided by the National Science Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “Resistant microbes were found in 81% of ground turkey samples, 69% of pork chops, 55% of ground beef samples, and 39% of chicken parts”. • This is due to the antibiotics used in agriculture, which then leads back to us humans. The same site suggests that these numbers are so shocking because nearly 80% of antibiotics are used for farm animals, rather than treating human disease. • What is being done about resistance?

  9. Preventing Resistance • On the top is what the FDA is doing to help, and on the bottom is what the CDC is doing. • Another program the FDA made was the GAIN (Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now) Act, which aids in the development of new antibiotic agents.

  10. “We may look back at the antibiotic era as just a passing phase in the history of medicine, an era when a great natural resource was squandered, and the bugs proved smarter than the scientists ” -Geoffrey Canon

  11. References • https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/programs-measurement/measuring-antibiotic-prescribing.html • http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm092810.htm#what • https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/federal-engagement-in-ar/national-strategy/index.html • http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/130501_superbugs • https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/world/asia/superbugs-kill-indias-babies-and-pose-an-overseas-threat.html?_r=0 • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278239103009364?np=y • http://www.surgicalartsmt.com/archives/2199 • http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/pulling-a-tooth-tooth-extraction#2 • http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-antibiotics-overuse-acute-bronchitis-20140520-story.html • http://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2014/09/three-encouraging-steps-towards-new-antibiotics/ • https://books.google.com/books/about/Superbug.html?id=eIwdAQAAMAAJ

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