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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Italy: epidemiology and eradication

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Italy: epidemiology and eradication. Stefano Marangon. TB control in Italy. Since 1964 bovine tuberculosis (TB) has been submitted to a national eradication programme in breeding herds (L. 615/64), which became compulsory in 1977 (DM 30/6/77)

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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Italy: epidemiology and eradication

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  1. Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Italy: epidemiology and eradication Stefano Marangon

  2. TB control in Italy Since 1964 bovine tuberculosis (TB) has been submitted to a national eradication programme in breeding herds (L. 615/64), which became compulsory in 1977 (DM 30/6/77) Current TB eradication programme based on EU (Council Directive 64/432/EEC, Annexes A, I and B) and Italian legislation (DM 592/95 and DLgs 196/99)

  3. TB legislation DLgs 196/99 The provisions of Directive 64/432/ECC have been transposed in the Italian legislation These provisions define the rules for the intra-Community trade of live bovines and for TB eradication programmes

  4. TB legislation • DM 592/95 • Measures to be enforced in affected holdings • TB positive bovines shall be slaughtered • movements of live animals are prohibited • epidemiological investigation shall be carried out • cleansing and disinfection must be guaranteed • ………………………………………………………………. Rules for the compensation of bovines slaughtered in the affected premises

  5. TB eradication programme: key points • Single intradermal cervical tuberculin test (SICTT) • Certification of officially-tuberculosis-free (OTF) herds • Certification of OTF provinces/regions • Movement control (identification and traceability system, pattern of cattle movement, possible application of risk modulating measures,……..) • Risk-based surveillance programme

  6. TB control: critical points • Execution, reading and interpretation of the skin test • Management of inconclusive skin tests • Control of beef fattening herds • Sanitary control of animals introduced from other OTF MS (??)

  7. Risk-based surveillance: key points • Close cooperation between National, Local Veterinary Services, Epidemiological Centre and Farmers • Testing frequency in OTF (skin test every two, three or four years), modulated in different epi situations • Tracing-back of TB lesions detected at the abattoir • Data collection and information flow • Epidemiological investigation

  8. Epidemiological investigation • Carried out using a standard procedure (format) • Tracing-back to identify the origin • Tracing forward to identify newly infected herds • Identification of TB risk factors in the Country

  9. Risk-based surveillance Identification of TB risk factors, in order to modulate disease control measures Ireland: major factors associated with TB were introduction of cattle in the herd and presence of badgers Epidemiological studies carried out in other geographical areas indicated the possible involvement of wild species such as badgers, wild boars, deer

  10. Most frequent origin of TB outbreaks in non-OTF areas in Italy • Possible introduction of infected animals (illegal movement) • Mixed herds (reproduction + fattening/dealers) • Common pastures (cross-contamination)

  11. Most frequent origin of TB outbreaks in OTF areas in Italy • Latency (one case latency period of 10 years) • Persistence of M. bovis in the environment (selective culling vs stamping out, disinfection?) • Possible introduction of infected animals from OTF and non-OTF areas (Member States?) • Promiscuity with goats (possible reservoir of infection?)

  12. Rare causes of persistence, introduction or recurrence of TB • Promiscuous transports or non disinfected means of transportation • Contacts with non OTF cattle at market places and exhibitions • Contacts between domestic animals and wildlife (e.g. wild boars) • Contaminated whey (cheese factory) • Farm workers

  13. Performance indicators • Programme coverage • Prevalence • Incidence • Slaughterhouse submission rate • Reactors with visible lesions (if many – failure to detect infection early by test) • Testing history of infected herds (important in herds detected at slaughter: late detection) • Human cases (may indicate undetected infection in animals)

  14. Commission Decision 2008/940/EC • No. of herds/animals • No. of herds/animals tested • No. of herds/animals positive • No. of new herds positive • Prevalence (c/b) • Incidence (d/b) • Coverage (b/a)

  15. 6 million bovines

  16. TB overview in Italy – OTF provinces

  17. Tested herds and TB outbreaks in Italy (1995 - 2009)

  18. TB outbreaks: prevalence and incidence (1995 - 2009) During the last three years the time to ‘clear’ infected herds is decreasing

  19. TB prevalence and incidence in non-OTF regions (1995 - 2009) Herd prevalence is slightly decreasing, whilst herd incidence is more or less the same

  20. Statistics in non-OTF regions (IT-2009): herds

  21. Statistics in non-OTF regions (IT-2009): animals

  22. Statistics in OTF regions/provinces (IT-2009)

  23. Cases reported at the abattoir (IT-2009)

  24. Conclusions • TB eradication programmes should be: • properly managed (updated register of farms and animals, information system,………) • based on reliable testing procedures • regularly monitored • modulated according to the epidemiological situation

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