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Chapter 11 Practice

Chapter 11 Practice. Reinforcement. Def: Anything that tends to cause a voluntary behavior to be repeated. Positive reinforcement – A reward, interpreted as pleasant. Negative reinforcemenet- A ‘reward’ interpreted as unpleasant. (i.e. a punishment).

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Chapter 11 Practice

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  1. Chapter 11 Practice

  2. Reinforcement • Def: Anything that tends to cause a voluntary behavior to be repeated. • Positive reinforcement – A reward, interpreted as pleasant. • Negative reinforcemenet- A ‘reward’ interpreted as unpleasant. (i.e. a punishment). • Extinction – A process of eliminating a behavior • Positive reinforcement is more effective at shaping behavior than negative.

  3. Thorndike’s Law of Effect • People tend to repeat behaviors for which they are rewarded and to not repeat those for which they are not rewarded. • NOTE: Whether or not a reward has been received is in the mind of the person receiving it. A reward might not be seen as such. Even a punishment, on the other hand, might be rewarding in some way.

  4. Scheduling of reinforcement • Irregular, positive reinforcement is most effective. • Regular, but intermittant (every 2nd or every 3rd) positive reinforcement is next. • Constant (every time) positive reinforcement is least effective. • Note, however, that while the above holds true in animal experiments, humans may be more complex.

  5. Transfer • “Transfer” refers to the facilitation of learning of a skill by having already learned another. (e.g. learning a golf swing is made easier by knowing how to swing a baseball bat.) • “Bi-lateral transfer” refers to the facilitation of being able to do something with one hand by already being able to do it with the other. • Transfer is debated, but bi-lateral transfer clearly takes place. Most theorists believe that transfer only takes place to the extent the two skills have something in common.

  6. Factors affecting practice of discrete skills • IMPORTANT: Do not confuse the practice of discrete skills with the practice session associated with most sports. The latter almost involves the practice of many discrete skills, conditioning, and many other elements.

  7. Massed vs Distributed Practice • Massed (aka Blocked) – Many repetitions of a skill, one after the other. Seems to be most effective for short-term retention, but not so good for long term. • Distributed - Repetitions spread out , with other skills practiced, or rest, between. Most effective for long-term retention.

  8. Speed/Accuracy Trade-off • Fitt’s Law • One cannot gain speed without sacrificing accuracy, nor gain accuracy without sacrificing speed. • Specifically applies only to one dimensional movement tasks but is assumed to be at least related to two or more dimensional tasks. • MT varies according to 1/W and A • Where MT=Movement time • W=size of target • A=distance between targets

  9. Partial Demonstration • With limitations, the equipment for demonstrating Fitt’s Law will be shown. Also, apparatus for more elaborate extensions of the ideas behind Fitt’s Law will be described.

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