Understanding Cell Growth and Division Process

1. 10–1 Cell Growth

2. Limits to Cell Growth10 Cell Division • The rate at which food, oxygen, water, and wastes are moved in and out of the cell is dependent on the surface area of the cell and its volume. • The larger a cell is, the longer it takes to get rid of waste and get food.

3. 10 Cell Division C. Cell Growth • In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. • The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. • The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis.

4. 10 Cell DivisionChromosomes D. Chromosomes • Before cell division, each chromosome is duplicated, or copied. • Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids. • Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere.

5. Events of the Cell Cycle Cell Cycle • Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions. It is the most important and longest phase.

6. The Cell Cycle E. Cell Cycle or Mitosis • The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

7. The Cell Cycle F. Cell Cycle • Interphase • During G1, the cell • increases in size • G stands for growth • During the S phase, • chromosomes are replicated • S stands for synthesis

8. Mitosis G. Mitosis (PMAT) pee mat • Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases: • Prophase • Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis. • The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus. • Metaphase • The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. • Anaphase • The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes. • Telophase • Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape.

9. Mitosis Spindle forming • Prophase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids)

10. Mitosis Centriole • Metaphase Spindle

11. Mitosis Individual chromosomes • Anaphase

12. Mitosis • Telophase

13. Cytokinesis • Cytokinesis • the cytoplasm pinches in half. • Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes

14. H. In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei. Cytokinesis in Plants Cell plate Cell wall

15. Cell Cycle Regulators I. Cell Cycle Regulators • The cell cycle is regulated by a specific protein called cyclin.

16. Uncontrolled Cell Growth J. Uncontrolled Cell Growth • Cancer is a disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth. • How are cancer cells different from other cells? Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells.