ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

1. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BY: MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL-FAROUQ NUR FARHANA BT OTHMAN NUR AZMINA BT ZAILAN NURUL SYUHADAH RIBUAN NUR ALYAA BT KAHIRIL ANWAR

2. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION? • A REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY WHERE SEMEN IS COLLECTED FROM MALES AND THEN USED EITHER IN FRESH OR FROZEN FORM TO BREED FEMALES. • OR, THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING SPERM CELL FROM A MALE ANIMAL AND MANUALLY DEPOSITED THEM INTO THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF A FEMALE.

3. WHEN IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION USED? • TO HAVE A SYNCHRONISED BREEDING PROGRAM • WHEN WE WANT TO PRODUCE BEST BREED (HYBRID VIGOR) • WHEN THE MALES ARE NOT IN GOOD HEALTH.

4. HOW IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IS DONE? SEMEN IS FIRST COLLECTED FROM THE MALE, AND IS EITHER USED FRESHLY OR BEING KEPT IN FROZEN ( IN LIQUID NITROGEN) THEN, WHEN THE FEMALE IS IN HEAT, THE SEMEN IS DILUTED AND BEEN PUT INTO STRAWS, TO BE INSERTED INTO THE FEMALES.

5. THE STRAWS USED

6. METHOD OF INSEMINATING

7. PROCESS OF COLLECTING SEMEN

8. ARTIFICIAL VAGINA

10. ADVANTAGES OF A. I

11. INCREASE POTENTIAL FOR GENETIC SELECTION • A.I allows males to produce more offspring,so fewer males are needed. Therefore, one can choose only the few best males for use as parents, in order to increase the selection intensity. Furthermore, because males can have more offspring, their offspring can be used in a progeny test program to more accurately evaluate the genetic value of the male. Finally, individual farmers can use artificial insemination to increase the genetic pool with which his or her animals can be mated, potentially decreasing effects of inbreeding.

12. Decrease costs • Male animals often grow to be larger than females and can consume relatively larger amounts of feed. Besides that, male animals are often more strong, powerful, and potentially ill-mannered and thus require special housing and handling equipment.

13. Increase safety for animals and farmers • As mentioned, male animals can become large and aggressive. These factors mean that maintaining a bull on a farm may be dangerous. Also, because of the relatively larger size of adult males than females, natural mating is more likely to result accidents and injury to either the cow or the bull than is artificial insemination.

14. Reduce disease transmission • Natural mating allows for the transfer of venereal diseases between males and females. Some pathogens can be transmitted in semen through A.I , but the collection process allows for the screening of disease agents. Collected semen is also routinely checked for quality, which avoid problems associated with male infertility.

15. DISAVANTAGES OF A. I

16. Though artificial insemination has many benefits there are also disadvantages: • Timing in the process of insemination is important. A fresh sperm cell should be collected into a cup through masturbating at the place where the procedure is to take place. If the timing is off, and the sperm cannot be frozen, the motility and fertility of the sperm can be affected. • Comparing to natural insemination more laborers,facilities and management ability is needed

17. Requires well-trained operations and special equipment. • Requires more time than natural services. • Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on the part of operator

18. Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility. • If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be increased. • Market for bulls will be reduced, while that for superior bull is increased.