Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys, Diversity, & Resilience

1. Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys, Diversity, & Resilience

2. Homework Review pp. 8-23 in your textbook and answer 1.1 even questions 1.2, questions 1, 3, 5 Define: unicellular & multicellular prokaryotic & eukaryotic autotrophic & heterotrophic sexual & asexual Species Concepts?

3. Definitions Unicellular: single-celled Multicellular: more than one cell Prokaryote: smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus Eukaryote: larger, more complex type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleus Autotroph: obtains energy by making its own food (sunlight) Heterotroph: consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients Sexual reproduction: requires the genetic material from two parents to form offspring with a unique combination of genes (unique to the Domain, Eukarya) Asexual reproduction: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent (eg. in Eukarya include some reptiles, insects, and fish).

4. Eukaryotic cells • Us! • Membrane-bound nucleus • much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells Examples? Organisms we can see

5. Prokaryotic cells • Do not have a nucleus. Genetic material is found in the cytoplasm • Smaller, and less complex than eukaryotic cells • There are at least 20 times more prokaryotic cells on Earth than there are eukaryotic cells

6. Features common to all cells

7. D O M A I N S K I N G D O M S

8. Kingdoms(refer to text p. 29, table 1.5)

9. DKPCOFGS: We need a mnemonic! Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

10. Dichotomous Keys An identification solution that uses many 2-part choices to narrow down the solution We did this! With our shoes! (eg. leather and not leather) Another activity… meet the Norns! …for more practice and information, look at text pp. 40-1

11. Criteria depends on Taxonomic rank (refer to p. 29, Table 1.5 vs p. 30, #9) If we’re interested in the Kingdom what types of criteria are we looking at? If we’re interested in the Species rank, what types of criteria are we looking at?

12. How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics (for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium)ericstavney.net/ppts/a10d%20DichoKeyExample.ppt

13. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

14. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila

15. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

16. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

17. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae

18. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

19. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens

20. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

21. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis

22. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

23. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens

24. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

25. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation acid fast not acid fast positive negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens

26. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

27. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation acid fast not acid fast positive negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens Catalase produced H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium smegmatis

28. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria

29. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation acid fast not acid fast positive negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens Catalase produced Hemolysis H2S production Litmus milk positive acid alkaline negative positive negative positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium smegmatis Streptococcus pneumoniae Corynebacterium xerosis

30. DIVERSITY!

31. EcosystemDiversity

32. Diversity! Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere (landscapes) Ecosystem Services: Can you think of any examples? For a grassland? A ravine? Wetlands? Temperate forests? Tropical rainforests? Is it important to preserve ecosystem diversity? Why?

33. Diversity! Species Diversity: The variety and abundance of species in a given area (community) -What are some examples of species diversity? -How might species diversity at the level of primary production (plants) affect other trophic levels in food chains?

34. Species Diversity

35. Species Diversity

36. Species Diversity

37. Species Diversity

38. Diversity! Genetic Diversity: The variety of genes in a population of interbreeding individuals -Why is genetic diversity important? -What would happen if a population lacked genetic diversity?

39. GeneticDiversity(Homo sapiens)

40. Resilience! Biodiversityis the most important factor in ensuring resilience at the ecosystem (landscape), species (communities), and genetic (population) scales • What is resilience? Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain a balance in the face of outside disturbances • What are some examples of threats to resilience? Loss of resilience = more brittle populations, communities, and ecosystems • How does this relate to Endangered Species?

41. Endangered species profile #1Polar bear (Ursusmaritimus)

42. IMPORTANCE of the POLAR BEAR Polar bears are at the top of the food chainand have an important role in the overall health of the marine environment. Over thousands of years, polar bears have also been an important part of the cultures and economies of Arctic peoples. Polar bears depend on sea ice for their existence and are directly impacted by climate change—serving as important indicator species. http://worldwildlife.org/species/polar-bear

43. A Warming Climate Takes its Toll on the Polar Bears of Hundson Bay

44. Homework Review: text pp. 44-47: 1-22, 30, 32, 33 text pp. 48-49: 1-13, 17-23 (use the self-check summary at the bottom of page 49 for questions you don’t understand) Quiz Next Class! - Wed, Feb 13