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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

PSY 369: Psycholinguistics. Some basic linguistic theory part2. Levels of analysis. Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics. Morphology. Language differences Isolating languages : no endings, just word order (e.g., Chinese & Vietnamese)

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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

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  1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Some basic linguistic theory part2

  2. Levels of analysis • Phonology • Morphology • Syntax • Semantics • Pragmatics

  3. Morphology • Language differences • Isolating languages: no endings, just word order (e.g., Chinese & Vietnamese) • Inflecting: lots of inflections (e.g., Latin & Greek) • In Classic Greek every verb has 350 forms • Agglutinating languages (e.g., Turkish, Finnish, Eskimo) • Eskimo: angyaghllangyugtuq = he wants to acquire a big boat Angya- ‘boat’; -ghlla- ‘augmentative meaning’; -ng- ‘acquire’; -yug- ‘expresses desire’; -tuq- third person singular

  4. Psychological reality of Morphology • Speech errors • Stranding errors: The free morpheme typically moves, but the bound morpheme stays in the same location • they are Turking talkish (talking Turkish) • you have to square it facely (face it squarely) • Morpheme substitutions • a timeful remark    (timely) • Where's the fire distinguisher?    (Where's the fire extinguisher?) • Morpheme shift • I haven't satten down and writ__ it    (I haven't sat down and written it) • what that add__ ups to    (adds up to)

  5. Here is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two _______. Psychological reality of Morphology • Wug test (Gleason, 1958)

  6. Levels of analysis • Phonology • Morphology • Syntax • Semantics • Pragmatics

  7. Syntax: the ordering of the words • A dog bites a man.

  8. Syntax: the ordering of the words • A dog bites a man. • A man bites a dog. • Same words, but different word order leads to a radically different interpretation

  9. Syntax: the ordering of the words • A dog bites a man. • A man bites a dog. • A dog was bitten by a man. • Not just the linear ordering • It is the underlying set of syntactic rules

  10. Syntax: the ordering of the words • The underlying structural position, rather than surface linear position matters.

  11. Syntactic Ambiguity • The same linear order (surface structure) may be ambiguous with respect to the underlying structure • Groucho Marx shot an elephant in his pajamas Good shot How he got into my pajamas I’ll never know

  12. Syntactic Ambiguity

  13. Generative Grammar • The pieces: • Grammatical features of words • Dog: Noun • Bite: Verb • Phrase structure rules - these tell us how to build legal structures • S --> NP VP • (a sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase) • VP --> V (NP) • NP --> (A) (ADJ) N

  14. Generative Grammar • Recursion: you can embed structures within structures • NP --> (A) (ADJ) N (PP) • PP --> Prep NP • So we NP’s can be embedded within PP’s which in turn may be embedded within NP’s. • The dog with the bone of the dinosaur from the cave with the paintings of the animals with fur bit the man. • The result is an infinite number of syntactic structures from a finite set of pieces

  15. Chomsky’s Linguistics • Chomsky proposed that grammars could be evaluated at three levels: • Observational adequacy • Must be able to predict acceptable and unacceptable sentences • Descriptive adequacy • Explain how sentences with similar meanings are related (e.g., active and passive sentences) • Explanatory adequacy • Must be able to explain how languages are acquired and the similarities and differences across languages (languageuniversals)

  16. Transformational grammar • Chomsky (1957, 1965) • Two stages phrase structures for a sentence • Build DeepStructure • One constituent at a time • Build from phrase structure rules • Convert to SurfaceStructure • Built from transformations that operate on the deep structure • Adding, deleting, moving • Operate on entire strings of constituents

  17. Transformational grammar Phrase structure rules Lexicon Lexical insertion rules Semantic component Deep structures Transformational component Surface structures Semantic structures

  18. Transformational grammar • 2 deep structures, 1 surface structure: • Groucho Marx shot an elephant in pajamas • 1 deep structure, 2 surface structures: • Active/passive sentences: • The man bit the dog. • The dog was bitten by the man.

  19. NP NP VP VP VP VP NP NP PP PP Transformational grammar in the garage Deep structure Surface structure S S The car was put the car in the garage was put (trace) Movement transformation

  20. Psychological reality of syntax • Derivational theory of complexity • The more transformations, the more complex • The boy was bitten by the wolf • The boy was bitten. (involves deletion) • No evidence for more processing of the second sentence • Evidence for (trace) • Some recent evidence or reactivation of moved constituent at the trace position • Evidence for syntax • Syntactic priming

  21. semantics • Word level • Network models • Polysemy • Sentence level • Propositions

  22. Pragmatics

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