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The Science of Biology

Discover the essence of biology and the scientific method in this comprehensive guide explaining everything from observing living things to experimental procedures and drawing logical conclusions. Learn the systematic approach to formulating hypotheses, testing, recording data, analysis techniques, and drawing solid conclusions based on scientific observations. Understand critical concepts like the importance of control groups, variables, quantitative and qualitative data, and various scientific tools like microscopes. Begin your journey towards thinking like a scientist and conducting effective experiments with confidence.

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The Science of Biology

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  1. The Science of Biology

  2. What is Biology? The study of living things, their environment and their behavior within their environment. What is ? Science an organized body of knowledge that has developed through observation and experimentation

  3. Thinking Like a Scientist

  4. A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize (State) the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions

  5. Step One: State the Problem What question are you trying to answer? Begins with ______________- observations use of the 5 senses to gather facts or data about events and processes Written in the form of a _____________________ question

  6. Step Two: Gather Information • Ask questions • Research • Repeatable observations are known as ___________. facts

  7. Step Three: Forming a Hypothesis What do you think the outcome will be? Hypothesis - possible solution to the problem Must be ____________ Testable observations Based on __________

  8. Step Four: Testing the Hypothesis procedure a scientific __________carried out according to certain ___________. • step-by-step ________ procedure. experiment - guidelines numbered There are two groups in an experiment: Experimental Group (receives a variable) and (Does not receive a variable) Control Group variable - a factor that can be changed.

  9. Constants - Variables that remain the same control - Standards used for comparison Does not receive a variable change Why do you perform a control group? To avoid the possibilities of hidden, unknown variables or outliers

  10. Group A Group B With fertilizer Experimental Group Without fertilizer Control Group

  11. Step four, cont Independent (manipulated) Variable - variable changed on purpose by the scientist. Dependent (responding) Variable - the factor being observed or measured.

  12. Group A Group B With fertilizer Experimental Group Independent Variable – The addition of fertilizer Dependent Variable - The amount of growth of each plant Without fertilizer Control Group

  13. A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions

  14. Step Five: Record and Analyze Data Recorded observations and measurements Data - There is two types of data: Quantitative - expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring There are 4 eggs in the nest. Qualitative - descriptive The eggs are brown and white.

  15. a method used to best understand the data Analyzing –. An opinion or prediction based on data. Inferences -

  16. Inferences Observations The chair has 4 strong legs. The chair has 4 legs. The car is red. The car is fast.

  17. A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions

  18. Analyze Your Data a visual display of the information or data • Graph – Three Basic Graph Types Line Bar Circle

  19. Line Graph - represents “change over time” data.

  20. A Bar Graph are useful for comparing information collected by counting.

  21. A Pie or Circle Graph is used to show how a fixed quantity is broken into parts. Represented as percentages of the total.

  22. A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions

  23. Step 6: Stating a Conclusion Conclusion • ______________- a statement based on the results of the experiment, your hypothesis and your problem. • may or may not support the hypothesis. • The results from a single experiment or trial are not enough to reach a conclusion, it must be performed many times to be considered accurate and before a conclusion can be reached

  24. A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions

  25. What happens if the data do not support the hypothesis? Redo the experiment Designed a new experiment

  26. Tools and Procedures

  27. Used to contain reaction solutions Erlenmeyer Flask

  28. Most versatile • Used for ballpark estimates Beakers

  29. Test tube and holder

  30. Used to make accurate liquid volume measurements Graduated Cylinder

  31. How to read a graduated cylinder. meniscus meniscus With water in glass, the ________will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the _________of it. bottom www.morrisonlabs.com/meniscus.htm

  32. 9.8 ml 31 ml 14 ml 27 ml 77.3 ml 35.4 ml 45 ml 10.3 ml

  33. Compound light Microscopes SEM TEM

  34. Bird’s feather on SEM Yeast spore, Froze in milliseconds with liquid nitrogen, and imaged with a transmission electron microscope.

  35. SEM - Ant

  36. Which type of microscope would best serve to investigate the following?

  37. Compound light

  38. SEM – Red Blood Cells

  39. Characteristics of Living Things

  40. The Characteristics of Life All living things…. …no matter how different from each other they may be…. ….share a set of common characteristics.

  41. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of______ cells basic unit of life http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/study_guides_bi.htm

  42. Organisms are grouped by their number of cells

  43. ____________organisms are UNICELLULAR single cell (made of only 1 cell) bacteria (Ex: _________) http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0oG7kqJyV5OBl4ArzhXNyoA?ei=UTF-8&p=bacteria&fr2=tab-web&fr=yfp-t-701-s

  44. MULTICELLULAR ________________ organisms begin as _________ but as adults are _________________________ Ex: (___________ __________ ) ONE CELL MADE OF MANY CELLS a human, animals, tree, plants Images from: http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif

  45. Cells contain an universal _______code genetic DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) the directions for inheritance, determines the inherited traits of every organism on earth

  46. All living things _________ reproduce Two Types _____________ Seen in animals and plants combines the genetic material from _____________ Sexual reproduction 2 parents sperm + egg = baby different Offspring ________from parents Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp

  47. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION _________________________ makes a new organism using the from _________________ Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals genetic material ONLY 1 PARENT Offspring ________ to parent identical Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

  48. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Image by Riedell Growth _________ an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures Development __________________ all of the changes (rapid and dramatic) that take place during the life of an organism

  49. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Image by Riedell SINGLE CELLED _____________ organisms, grow by ________________. INCREASING in SIZE

  50. Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________ AND _____________________. increasing cell size increasing cell number

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