Introduction to UNIX

1. Introduction to UNIX

2. Meta Characters • Special Characters with Special Meaning • Used to Save Time • / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & # • # Comment Line • Turning Off Meta Characters • Display a Line of **** • echo *** • Doesn’t Work!

3. Meta Characters • Turning Off Meta Characters • \ • Turns Off One Meta Character $ echo \*\*\* ***

4. Meta Characters • Turning Off Meta Characters • ‘ ‘ • Turn off all Meta Characters between the ‘ ‘ $ echo ‘***’ ***

5. Meta Characters • Turning Off Meta Characters • “ “ • Turn off Meta Characters between the “ “ • $ \ ` remainactive $ echo “My home is $HOME” My home is /home/rdefe

6. Meta Characters • Turning Off Meta Characters with “ “ • $ \ ` remainactive $ echo -e “My home is $HOME\nNext Line” My home is /home/rdefe Next Line $ \n New Line \t Tab

7. Meta Characters • Turning Off Meta Characters • “ “ • Turn off Meta Characters between the “ “ • $ \ ` remainactive $ echo “Today is `date`” Today is Mon Jan 22 22:04:46 EST 1996

8. Unix Commands • wc [-lwc] File1 File2 … FileN • Word Count • -lDisplay Number of Lines • -wDisplay Number of Words • -cDisplay Number of Characters $ wc mbox 59 279 1473 mbox $ wc mbox ls.file 59 279 1473 mbox 1 1 12 ls.file 60 280 1485 total

9. Unix Commands • cmp File1 File2 • Compare Two Files (binary or text) $cmp s1 mbox s1 mbox differ: char 1, line 1 $ cmp p1 p2 $

10. Unix Commands • sort [-fnr]File1 File2 … FileN • Sort the Contents of a File • -fIgnore Case • -nSort Numbers Based on Value • -rReverse Order $ cat words sand box zoo xray sam jones $ sort words box jones sam sand xray zoo

11. Unix Commands • uniq [-d]File1 File2 … FileN • Read a Sorted File Reject or Report Duplicates • -dDisplay Duplicates $ cat stuff dos mac mvs mvs unix unix windows95 $ uniq stuff dos mac mvs unix windows95 $ uniq -d stuff mvs unix

12. Unix Commands • compress File1 File2 … FileN • uncompress File1 File2 … FileN • Used to compress Large Files $ ls -s datafile 297 datafile $ compress datafile $ ls -s datafile* 177 datafile.Z $ uncompress datafile $ ls -s datafile 297 datafile

13. Unix Commands • cut -c[col number] FileName • Cut columns and display to screen $ cat names Jones John Smith Rober Doe John $ cut -c1-3 names Jon Smi Doe $ cut -c1-3,11-13 names JonJoh SmiRob DoeJoh

14. Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • Locate Files Based on a Search Criteria $find /home -name mbox -print /home/mbox /home/rdefe/mbox /home/ssmith/mbox $ $find /home -name “mbox*” -print $

15. Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • Specify Multiple Search Locations $find /home /usr -name mbox -print /home/mbox /home/rdefe/mbox /home/ssmith/mbox /usr/mbox /usr/tmp/mbox $

16. Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • -user [login] • -group [GroupName] $find /home -user rdefe -print /home/rdefe/mbox /home/rdefe/doc $ $find /home -group unix -print /home/rdefe/mbox /home/rdefe/doc /home/jsmith/p1 $

17. $find /home -mtime +7 -print Files modified greater than 7 days ago $find /home -mtime -7 -print Files modified less than 7 days ago Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • -mtime [+|-] Days • -links [+|-] Number Files modified exactly 7 days ago $find /home -mtime 7 -print

18. Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • -inum [InodeNumber] • -type [f|d] Find file with inode number 10203 $find /home -inum 10203 -print $find /home -type d -print Find all directories in /home

19. Unix Commands • find LocationCriteriaAction • -print Display File Location • -exec UnixCmds Execute Unix Command(s) • -ok UnixCmds Interactive Unix Command(s) $find /home -user rdefe -exec pr {} \; $find /home -user rdefe -ok pr {} \; /home/rdefe/mbox? Prompt for Each File

20. Implied “and” $find /home -user rdefe -links 2 -print $find /home -user rdefe -o -links 2 -print “or” Unix Commands • find Examples $find /home \( -user rdefe -o -user jdoe \) -links 2 -print