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CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (cCMV) DEAF CHILDREN USING COCHLEAR IMPLANTS The Nottingham experience

Explore the Nottingham experience in cCMV deaf children using cochlear implants. Investigate prevalence of additional difficulties, impact on outcomes, and long-term educational progress. Discuss findings and implications for rehabilitation and support. Learn about challenges and benefits of cochlear implantation in children diagnosed with cCMV.

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CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (cCMV) DEAF CHILDREN USING COCHLEAR IMPLANTS The Nottingham experience

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  1. CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (cCMV) DEAF CHILDREN USING COCHLEAR IMPLANTS The Nottingham experience Jayne Ramirez Inscoe – Speech and Language Therapist January 2013

  2. Some background information • In 1994 I started work as SLT on Nottingham cochlear implant programme • 3/50 (6%) children on my caseload had known cCMV deafness • All 3 children had significant additional difficulties affecting progress with a cochlear implant • Interest in cCMV grew - trends in types of additional difficulties? - long-term outcomes following implantation?

  3. Aims of this presentation: • Investigate prevalence and co-occurrence of additional difficulties of cCMV deaf children using a cochlear implant • Examine the impact of these difficulties on long-term educational and linguistic outcomes

  4. What is known about cCMV? • >90% infants who survive active CMV infection will develop late complications eg. hearing loss, delayed psychomotor development, learning disabilities, expressive language delays (Lee et al., 2005) • Following cochlear implantation, hearing loss may not present the biggest challenge for rehabilitation

  5. Lot of research into CMV recently … • What can it tell us about the children we work with??

  6. Most recent research looks at diagnosis and treatment of cCMV However, growing body of literature describing functional outcomes • UK cCMV Association has carried out a survey of additional difficulties as reported by the childrens’ parents/carers • BATOD has published several articles about cCMV deaf children (Nicky Povey-Howell, TOD; Jayne Ramirez Inscoe, SLT; Carmen Burton, parent of cCMV deaf child) • Cochlear Implants International: additional difficulties in cCMV deaf children using cochlear implants (Ramirez Inscoe 2011)

  7. Internal audit of cCMV deaf children 1999: • ChiP (Children’s Implant Profile (Hellman et al., 1991; Edwards et al., 2003) • Face-to-face Interviews with TODs, Audiologists and SLTs at NCIP • Parental telephone reports

  8. Four themes emerged • Audiological issues • Medical/developmental issues • Speech/language/communication issues • Behaviour issues

  9. Audiological issues • Short attention span • Challenging behaviour • Intolerance of speech signal (ASD cases) • Frequent illness – missed appointments, inconsistent wearing of speech processor

  10. Medical/developmental issues • Almost 50% had multiple disabilities • CMV leads to immune deficiency problems - nearly all CMV children have frequent illnesses – ‘winter’ very badly • Problems reported with major organs other than ears • Many have other difficulties affecting early development

  11. Speech/Language/Communication issues • Over 70% rated as having specific concerns • Notable problems with: - Interaction difficulties/communication style - Speech production difficulties

  12. Behaviour issues • 67% rated as having some concerns • Attention control! • Behaviour management issues

  13. Long-term outcomes • Follow up children and young people up to 15 years post implantation – generally slower progress; some difficulties can resolve • Compare outcomes with trends following cochlear implantation • Will inform expectations counselling • Long-term ongoing needs …

  14. NB. Wide variation in outcomes! • Cochlear Implantation in Children deafened by Cytomegalovirus: Speech Perception and Speech Intelligibility Outcomes. Ramirez Inscoe JM & Nikolopoulos TP. J Otology & Neurotology 25 (2004) • Pyman et al. Am J Otol (2000) concluded that those with significant cognitive impairment had a poorer prognosis in spoken language development following cochlear implantation than if this was not present

  15. Details of children in NCIP study 2004 • Confirmed diagnosis of CMV • 16 children: 8 boys, 8 girls • Mean age at implantation: 3;09 years • At least 12 months follow-up (range=1-5 years) • Implanted between Jan.’90 and Jan.’01 • All received Nucleus multi-channel cochlear implants • Control group=131 congenitally profoundly deaf, mean age at implantation=4;01years

  16. Results of NCIP study • IOWA Test of Speech Perception (Tyler & Holstad,87) -level A At the last follow-up interval, 6% scored better, 38% worse and 56% the same as the median score of the non-CMV congenitally deaf children at the same interval (p=0.04) • Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) At the last follow-up interval, 19% developed speech intelligibility better than the median of the congenitally deaf group, (50% worse and 31% the same) (p>0.05)

  17. Conclusion of NCIP study • Wide variation in outcomes • But significant auditory benefit from CI (also found by Lee) • For many, rate of progress appears to be slower than other CI users in the first 3 years • Presence of co-existing central (cognitive) disorders affects prognosis in speech development • Co-incidental CMV infection can exist! (deaf sibling) • Progressive hearing loss can produce different outcomes Need for follow up to assess long-term benefits of cochlear implants

  18. Trends in the long-term for cCMV children (2010) • 34 confirmed cCMV deaf children implanted by NCIP • CI experience= 2-15 years • Mean age at CI= 51 months (14-187 months) • 27 of these have used a cochlear implant for more than 5 years

  19. Current educational placement:

  20. Average SIR rating after 10 years implant use is 2.8

  21. Possible reasons for these outcomes Presence of additional difficulties (BCS database, Robbins) • Behaviour • Autistic Spectrum Disorders • Cognitive difficulties • Language and communication problems • Physical difficulties • Visual impairment • Oro-motor problems

  22. Results: • 74% of cCMV deaf children have a significant ongoing difficulty • 35% have 3 or more additional difficulties

  23. Behaviour difficulties - 32% continue to have significant problems with attention control, distractibility and behaviour outbursts • ‘he still has very limited concentration and he distracts others’ • ‘her behaviour is fine if the world is following her agenda’ • ‘I am struggling to get help in managing her behaviour’ • ‘her behaviour is very volatile and challenging’

  24. Autistic Spectrum Disorders – 17.6% have a formal diagnosis • ‘he doesn’t like changing routines’ • ‘he won’t tolerate sounds he doesn’t like’ • ‘he has difficulties with social interaction’ • ‘she is benefiting from being in a more structured setting’

  25. Cognitive difficulties (41% of group) • ‘maths is her worst subject – she just can’t understand it’ • ‘she can’t grasp time concept’ • ‘I don’t know how he will cope in mainstream with poor organisational skills’ • ‘she finds reading and handwriting very difficult’

  26. Language and Communication problems (56% of group) • ‘I can’t say long words’ • ‘there is still a huge gap between her receptive and expressive language’ • ‘her signing is often bizarre and inaccurate’ • ‘talking is too hard for me’ (signed statement) • ‘he has specific problems processing spoken language’ • ‘her speech deteriorates when she is excited or upset’

  27. NCIP specific findings or not? • Remarkably similar proportions of cCMV deaf children with these difficulties found by South West England cochlear implant groups (2011 audit).

  28. Other difficulties: • Physical, not only gross motor skills (17.5%) but also … ‘our children can’t tie shoe laces, ride a bike or do up their clothes correctly’ • Sensory Integration difficulties, ‘she will only eat beige food’ (%?) • Visual, (5%) • Oro-motor problems (11%) often presenting as dyspraxic tendencies

  29. Ongoing needs of cCMV deaf children with cochlear implants: • Tease out the difficulties • Refer to other agencies, eg. Occupational therapy, (SI), behaviour management specialists, CAMHS, dyspraxia, dyscalculia specialists • Prioritise needs and provide structured support and therapy • Acknowledge child may be better placed in a more specialised educational setting • Recognise child may need signing to aid language processing and expression

  30. Pilot study Working Memory training • Clinical Psychologist • CogMed • 2 children with ongoing concentration and memory difficulties • Home/school training package

  31. Working Memory

  32. Why working memory is so important • Central executive function controls attention! • Phonological loop holds memory trace of speech, sub-vocal rehearsal keeps it in there long enough to process it • If got speech or learning difficulties, can’t keep it in there long enough! • Use visual clues to support learning if poor phonological loop

  33. Attention • Child needs to be able to: • Focus • Divide • Switch • Inhibit Also need to increase processing speed!

  34. Areas to work on • Attention • Processing speed • Rehearsal • Use of visual clues • Manipulating verbal information (eg. backwards, after time delay)

  35. Early outcomes of pilot study • Child A Parent reported inability to improve memory at level child was struggling at, found it difficult to motivate child • Child B Over-reaction to rewards given after successful improvement significantly affected subsequent progress

  36. Conclusion • Longitudinal studies have shown that there are clear trends in the ongoing presence and impact of additional cognitive and motor difficulties in this population • Parents and professionals should be aware of the impact of cCMV on a child’s development aside from hearing • These difficulties may require specific structured rehabilitation

  37. Thank you for listening! • Any questions?

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