Hispanic north America

1. Hispanic north America Chapter 10, section 2

2. Indian Country vs. settlers US government – Louisiana Territory toremain Indian Country 1830’s white settlers migrated into Indian territory

3. Continued………. • So many northern immigrants, states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota were created • Southerners migrating west by way of Gulf of Mexico

4. Spanish North American Empire • Conquest of southwestern U.S. by Spanish not high priority especially after Pueblo revolt • Powerful Native American tribes confined Spanish to area in Texas and along Rio Grande

5. Weakness of Spanish • Entire empire in weakened state in North America-late 1700’s • Threats from other European countries • As a result, establish relationship with Comanche and Apache • There was an uneasy peace between the Spanish and Native Americans

6. California • Threats along Pacific coast from British and Russians-1700’s • Spanish must hold California • Soldiers and priests establish network of 21 missions and presidios (forts) from San Diego to San Francisco • Colonization in California larger and more successful than New Mexico and Texas

7. Native Americans, Missions and Christianity • Father Junipero Serra • Franciscan missionary • convert Native Americans to Christianity • Missions became trading centers • Native Americans used as labor • Poor living conditions • Physical abuse by priests • Inadequate medical care • Population declines by half

8. Mexican Population in California • While Native American population declined around missions, Mexican population increases. • Colonists families much like those of Spain and Mexico • Strong extended families • Monterey territorial capital of California with large colonies in Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Los Angeles

9. New Mexico • Population increased due to long periods of peace • Land harsh /unfit to farm so population mostly nomadic • Some craftspeople and traders in large settlements like Albuquerque

10. Social Change in New Mexico • Population growth • More commercial activity • Parental authority weakened • Middle-class free to select husbands and wives • Women granted more freedom and independence

11. Mexican Independence • Mexican independence from Spain-1821 • Result of long war and economic devastation • California, New Mexico, Texas share benefits of independence • All males free to elect representatives in government • Mexican government not friendly toward Catholic church • Missions became secularized – under control of state, not church • Economic reforms in Mexico did not work • gap between rich and poor widened • trade with United States further encouraged

12. Economic Influence • 1821-William Becknell • Brought American goods into Santa Fe, New Mexico • More American traders follow • Trade route opened between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe • Santa Fe became a “lively market town” • Northern Mexico territories become important to fur traders and merchants

13. Texas Independence • 1820’s Americans migrate into Texas • Stephen Austin • established a colony w/300 settlers-1822 • member Missouri territorial government • 1824-2,000 immigrants

14. Mexico’s response • American colonists were initially welcomed into the area • Mexican government pass the Mexican Colonization Law of 1824 • immigrants received cheap land, protection, four-year tax exemption • 1830’s-7,000 Americans living in Texas • Mexico fearful of loosing territory • passed law to stop immigration, outlawed importation of slaves, but migration into area continues

15. War with Mexico • 1835-30,000 Americans and 3,000 slaves settled in Texas • people want more political freedom • wanted slavery to continue • Divisions among the settlers • Stephen Austin vs. William Travis • Austin-follow Mexican rules • Travis-fight for independence

16. CONTINUED……………………………….. • Mexico City: • General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna declared himself dictator • Travis’s supporters fought harder for independence after the take-over • American settlers unite established the Republic of Texas-March 1836 • Santa Anna responded – army sent to subdue rebellion • Meet at the Alamo • 200 Texans vs. 4,000 Mexican troops • Lasted 12 days; Americans defeated • Travis sent plea for help to Texans: “….to the people of Texas and all the Americans in the world.”

17. Continued………… • Killed at the Alamo • William Travis • Davy Crockett • 371 prisoners captured at Goliad killed by Mexican troops further angered Texans

18. “Remember the Alamo!” • Santa Anna makes mistake of separating troops • Thousands of Texan’s flee east-called the Runaway Scrape • Texans “regroup” at San Jacinto River-commander Sam Houston • Surprise Santa Anna • Several Mexican prisoners were killed in retaliation • Santa Anna forced to sign treaty recognizing Texas as a republic

19. Finally………. • 1836 -Sam Houston elected first president of the republic • American’s established presence from Texas to California • individuals want land and independence - win! • Westward expansion continued over the next decade • but tensions continued between Mexico and the United States