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Precedents for the New Deal

Precedents for the New Deal. Progressivism World War I: ‘War Industries Board’ (July 1917) ‘National War Labor Board’ (April 1918). The Uneven Twenties. ‘Jazz Age’ Growth of New Industries Coal and Agriculture left behind Overproduction having effect by 1927. The Great Depression.

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Precedents for the New Deal

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  1. Precedents for the New Deal • Progressivism • World War I: • ‘War Industries Board’ (July 1917) • ‘National War Labor Board’ (April 1918)

  2. The Uneven Twenties • ‘Jazz Age’ • Growth of New Industries • Coal and Agriculture left behind • Overproduction having effect by 1927

  3. The Great Depression • Oct 1929, Stock market crash • By 13 Nov, $30 Bn wiped off stocks • Banking crisis • Early 1930, unemployment 4m. By early 1933, 15m (25%)

  4. Breadline at McCauley Water Street Mission under Brooklyn Bridge, New York

  5. Rural hardship

  6. The Dustbowl

  7. Moving On….

  8. The response from Hoover • Herbert Hoover and ‘Rugged Individualism’ • Hoovervilles (see left) • Bonus Army • June 1929 ‘Agricultural Marketing Act’ • Jan 1932 ‘Reconstruction Finance Corporation’ • July 1932 ‘Relief and Reconstruction Act ‘

  9. Franklin Delano Roosevelt • M. Eleanor, 1905 • State Senator, 1911-13 • Asst. Sec Navy, 1913-20 • 1920 Vice Pres. Candidate • 1921 Polio

  10. FDR and the New Deal • Governor of New York, 1928 • ‘Brains Trust’ • ‘I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people’

  11. Restoring Confidence • 4 Mar 1933- Inauguration • 5 Mar -4 Day Banking holiday • 9 Mar -‘Hundred Days’ began • 12 Mar- First ‘Fire side chat’

  12. The ‘First New Deal’ • 9 Mar 1933 – ‘Emergency Banking Relief Act’ • 12 May ‘Federal Emergency Relief Act’ • 12 May ‘Agricultural Adjustment Act’ • 16 June ‘Farm Credit Act’’ • 16 June ’National Industrial Recovery Act’

  13. Public Works Adminstration

  14. Civilian Conservation Corp

  15. Tennessee Valley Authority

  16. Critics of the New Deal • ‘American Liberty League’ • Huey P. Long, ‘Share our Wealth’ • Dr. Francis E. Townsend, ‘Old Age Revolving Pensions’ • Father Charles E. Coughlin, ‘National Union for Social Justice’

  17. The ‘Second’ New Deal • Nov 1934, Dem. gains in Congress • Apr 1935 ‘Emergency Relief Appropriations Act’ inc. WPA • Federal Theatre Project, Federal Writer’s Project etc

  18. Jly 1935, ‘National Labor Relations Act’ (Wagner) • Aug 1935 ‘Social Security Act’ • Aug 1935 ‘Revenue Act’ • Nov 1936 Election

  19. A more radical 2nd term? • “I should like to have it said of my first administration that in it the forces of selfishness and lust for power met their match. I should like to have it said of my second administration that in it these forces met their master.” FDR

  20. The New Deal Runs out of Steam • 1936 Election: A new coalition • Jan 1937 – Inauguration • 1937 – Supreme Court • 1937-8 – Roosevelt Recession and the move to ‘Keynesianism’ • Divisions

  21. Labor on the March • TU Membership increases: 1932 -3m; 1939 – 9m • 1935 NLR (Wagner) Act • Nov 1935 – CIO • (Lewis pictured with Sidney Hillman, P. of the Clothing Workers after the CIO organized General Motors in 1937.)

  22. Sit- down strikers at Fisher Body Plant, Flint, Michigan

  23. Passing food to strikers at Flint Body plant 1, 1937

  24. Victory – 11 Feb 1937

  25. Memorial Day Massacre • 30 May 1937 – Memorial Day Massacre: 10 killed, 58 injured • Employer resistance • FDR: ‘a curse on both your houses’

  26. From Domestic to Foreign Policy • 1937 - National Housing (wagner-Steagall) Act • Farm Security Administration • 1938- Second AAA Act • Fair Labor Standards Act • Jan 1939 – No new social reforms • Facing up to the spread of fascism

  27. Assessing the New Deal • Steadying the economy • Preventing something worse • Redefining liberalism • The importance of politics • Cultural empowerment • Preparing the way for later reform

  28. But……………… • 1939 – 9 million unemployed • Limited social and welfare reforms/ Change at local level? • Wealth remains in the same hands • Mixed results for African-Americans and Women • Context and the political will…

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