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Chapter 25

Chapter 25. Section 2: Retaking Europe. Atlantic Charter- agreed upon by FDR & Churchill in Aug. 1941- basis for the United Nations. Americans Join the Struggle. The Battle of the Atlantic U-Boats were attacking US ships headed for GB Allies formed convoys

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Chapter 25

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  1. Chapter 25 Section 2: Retaking Europe

  2. Atlantic Charter- agreed upon by FDR & Churchill in Aug. 1941- basis for the United Nations

  3. Americans Join the Struggle • The Battle of the Atlantic • U-Boats were attacking US ships headed for GB • Allies formed convoys • Germans countered with wolf packs (20 U-Boats) that carried out coordinated nighttime attacks

  4. After the US entered the war, U-Boats began attacking merchant ships within sight of the coast • Allies used sonar to locate & attack U-Boats, but the wolf packs experienced great success • Sank 175 in June 1942 • Allies developed better strategies & U-boat success dropped

  5. The North Africa Campaign • Aug 1940- British army successfully battled Italian troops in Egypt & Libya • Feb. 1941- Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) & a German division to reinforce the Italians

  6. Won several battles & pushed deep into British controlled Egypt & threatened the Middle East • Offensive failed in Nov. 1942 when British Gen. Bernard Montgomery won a decisive battle at El Alamein

  7. Days later, Allies landed on Morocco & Algeria led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, pushed east, while British troops chased Rommel from Egypt • Hitler sent 20,000 more troops to Tunisia • Feb. 1943 Americans suffered a major defeat trying to defend the Kasserine Pass

  8. Early May, had the Axis force trapped in North Africa • 240,000 Germans & Italians surrendered • Churchill & Roosevelt met in Jan. 1943 at Casablanca, Morocco • Casablanca Conference- mapped out their war strategy • Concentrate on Europe first

  9. Invasion of Italy • July 1943- US 7th Army under Gen. George Patton invaded Sicily • Italy started to lose their faith in Mussolini • removed from office & arrested

  10. Fascist Party was disbanded, Germans freed him & took him to northern Italy • Sept. 1943- Italy’s new government surrendered • Oct. 13- Italy declared war on Germany

  11. German army in Italy continued to resist, blocking roads & destroying bridges • Set up Mussolini as the puppet ruler of a fascist Italian state in northern Italy • Jan. 1944- Allies landed behind German lines at Anzio (35 miles south of Rome) • Took too long to organize forces & Germans blocked off the beach trapping the Allies & attacked them for 4 hours

  12. Allies attacked Cassino & broke through the German line & joined forces at Anzio in May & captured Rome • Surrendered April 1945 • Mussolini was shot & killed as he tried to flee

  13. War in the Soviet Union • The Germans advance 1941-42 • Attack began June 22, 1941 • Nearly 3.6 million Axis troops crossed in the SU from Finland & Romania

  14. Opposed by 3 million poorly trained & badly equipped Red Army soldiers • The Luftwaffe quickly gained control of the air & troops drove deeper into Soviet territory • Ukrainians & Lithuanians welcomed the Germans as liberators from Stalin • Germany soon introduced forced labor

  15. Stalin announced that if the Army was to retreat, destroy everything to help the enemy • Also asked FDR for help through the Lend Lease Program & American aid began to help

  16. By fall, Germany threatened the capital • Stalin urged his Allies to attack on the western front forcing Hitler to fight on 2 fronts • Instead they invaded Italy

  17. The Battle of Stalingrad • German advance was stopped on Oct. due to winter • Next summer they attacked oil fields • Red Army made a stand at Stalingrad, a major rail & industrial center on the Volga River • Germany began bombing Sept. 1942

  18. Mid Nov.- Soviets launched a counterattack & the Germans were soon surrounded with few supplies • Surrendered January 31, 1943 • Germany lost more than 330,000 troops • Turning point in the war in eastern Europe

  19. The Allied Air War • RAF started carpet bombing where planes scattered a large number of bombs over a wide area • Germany suffered heavy losses • Allied bombing intensified after the US entered the war

  20. Typical raid had bombs rain down on German aircraft factories, railway lines, ball-bearing plants, bridges, & cities • Aided to destroy German ability to fight • July 28, 1943 firebombing turned Hamburg into a huge blaze

  21. The Invasion of Western Europe • Invasion code named Operation Overlord would be launched from Great Britain with Gen. Eisenhower as supreme commander • Massive military build up in England, with Polish, Dutch, Belgian, & French troops joining the Americans, British, & Canadians

  22. French strengthened their forces along the coast adding machine guns nests, barbed wire fences, land & water mines, & underwater obstructions

  23. D-Day • June 6, 1944- 4,600 invasion craft & warships left England shortly after midnight • 1,000 RAF bombers pounded German defenses at Normandy while 23,000 airborne British & American soldiers parachuted behind enemy lines

  24. At dawn the invasion began • Hitler hesitated to counterattack because he feared a second, larger invasion at the narrowest part of the English Channel • By late July, the Allied forces in France numbered 2 million troops

  25. Liberating France • Aug.- Patton used a blitzkrieg to open a hole in the German lines & burst out of Normandy • After breaking German defenses, Patton led his army on a successful sweep across northern France

  26. In Paris, an uprising started by the French Resistance freed the city • Aug. 25 1944, a French division liberated Paris & Charles de Gaulle arrived to take charge of the government

  27. Battle of the Bulge • Allied attack on the Netherlands falters at the Rhine River, while Hitler reinforced his army • Mid- Dec. 1944 Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium & Luxembourg, smashing the Allied army, creating a huge bulge in the Allied line

  28. Many small units were forced to fight against overwhelming odds • Allies sent troops & in a few weeks under General Omar Bradley knocked the Germans back • After the battle, most Nazi leaders recognized that the war was lost

  29. The War in Europe Ends • March 1945- Gen. Bradley crossed the Rhine River & moved towards Berlin from the west, while the Soviets pushed in from the east

  30. Soviet Forces Advance • At any given time more than 9 million were fighting on the eastern front • 11 million Soviets & 1 million German soldiers died • April 1945 Soviet troops fought their way to Berlin, destroying the city • Eventually connected with American troops at the Elbe River

  31. Germany Surrenders • Hitler choose to commit suicide instead of fleeing the city on April 30, 1945 • May 8- Germany surrendered • V-E day was celebrated

  32. The Yalta Conference • Feb. 1945 • FDR, Churchill, & Stalin met • Plan the defeat of Germany & decide the shape of the post war world • Agreed to split Germany into 4 zones each under control of the Allies (including France)

  33. Planned a similar division of Berlin • Stalin promised elections in the nations of eastern Europe that his army liberated from Germany & to enter the war against Japan within 3 months of Germany’s surrender • Stalin didn’t fulfill his promises

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