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This article covers various topics that will be discussed in a midterm review, including bottom-up parsing, type unification, memory subdivision, activation records, and recursion implementation using stacks.
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Discussion Section – 11/3/2012 Midterm review
Topics to cover • A bottom up parsing example • A Type Unification Example • Run Time Memory Subdivision • A General Activation Record • An illustration of implementing recursion using stacks • Examples
Quick Bottom up parsing example • Grammar: S-> CC C->cC C->d Sand C are non-terminals cand d are terminals Show the stack trace for the grammar: cdccd Parsing Table (courtesy: Dragon Book)
Solve Type unification examples 1. Simple: deff(x): return -x y = f(1) 2. Parametric Polymorphism deff(z): return z x = f(0) y = f("hello") 3. Restrictions? deff(): defg(x): return x q = g([]) r = g(3)
Recursion on stack • An illustration of implementing recursion using stacks
Question 1 Objective Caml language: let binom n k = ... let test x y = let a = binom x y in let b = binom x (y+1) in a + b (* Return the sum *) • If we compile this code and then disassemble the result we get the following (using Intel syntax): • On calling test, sub sp,12 mov *sp+4, eax mov *sp, ebx Call binom Mov *sp+8, eax Movebx,*sp Add ebx, 1 Moveax,*sp+4 Call binom Mov *sp+8,ebx Lea eax, [eax+ebx-1] Add *sp,12 return
Describe the calling conventions for binom: Where are parameters n and k stored? Where is the result located on return? • Draw a diagram showing the layout of the stack and the register values right before the second call to binom. Your diagram should show where each argument and local variable is stored.
Describe the calling conventions for binom: Where are parameters n and k stored? Where is the result located on return? • The argument n is passed in the eax register, and k in ebx. We can tell this because eaxhas the same value both times binom is called, but the second time ebx's value is incremented. The return value is passed in eax, which we can tell because we can trace the two values added for a + b back to the values of eax right after the two calls to binom.
Draw a diagram showing the layout of the stack and the register le right before the second call to binom. Your diagram should show where each argument and local variable is stored. • Stack (growing downward) and Registers
What does this do? • 080483b4 <test>: • 80483b4: push ebp ; esp -= 4; *esp = ebp • 80483b5: movebp,esp • 80483b7: sub esp,0x18 • 80483ba: movDWORD PTR [ebp-0x14],ecx • 80483bd: movDWORD PTR [ebp-0x18],edx • 80483c0: moveax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14] • 80483c3: movedx,DWORD PTR [eax] • 80483c5: moveax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18] • 80483c8: moveax,DWORD PTR [eax] • 80483ca: imuledx,eax ; edx = edx * eax • 80483cd: moveax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14] • 80483d0: movecx,DWORD PTR [eax+0x4] • 80483d3: moveax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18] • 80483d6: moveax,DWORD PTR [eax+0x4] • 80483d9: imuleax,ecx • 80483dc: lea eax,[edx+eax*1] ; eax = edx + eax • 80483df: movDWORD PTR [ebp-0x4],eax • 80483e2: moveax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x4] • 80483e5: leave ; esp = ebp; pop ebp • 80483e6: ret • This function takes two parameters, passed in registers ecx and edx respectively. Its result is returned • in register eax. Decompile (translate) this assembly into equivalent C code. Hint: This code implements a • well-known mathematical operation.
