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Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology (PHYS 316)

Volker Beckmann Joint Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County & NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Exploration of the Universe Division UMBC, August 31st, 2006. Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology (PHYS 316). Overview. General Information about this course

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Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology (PHYS 316)

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  1. Volker Beckmann Joint Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County & NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Exploration of the Universe Division UMBC, August 31st, 2006 Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology(PHYS 316)

  2. Overview • General Information about this course • Academic Integrity • Grading • Homework / Midterms / Final • Outline of the course • Getting started with some astronomy... Graphic: ESA / V. Beckmann

  3. About myself... • master in physics at Hamburg University (master thesis on X-ray astronomy) 1996 • PhD in astrophysics at Hamburg Observatory and at Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera (Milan/Italy) - studying the evolution of distant galaxies (Luminosity Function of BL Lac objects and Seyfert 2 galaxies) 2001 • 2001-2003: working in Geneva (Switzerland) on a hard X-ray satellite project (INTEGRAL)

  4. About myself... • since October 2003: working for UMBC at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center • distant galaxies in hard X-rays • INTEGRAL

  5. Academic Integrity • By enrolling in this course, each student assumes the responsibilities of an active participant in UMBC’s scholarly community in which everyone’s academic work and behavior are held to the highest standards of honesty. Cheating, fabrication, plagiarism, and helping others to commit these acts are all forms of academic dishonesty, and they are wrong.

  6. Academic Integrity • Academic misconduct could result in disciplinary action that may include, but is not limited to, suspension or dismissal. To read the full Student Academic Conduct Policy, consult the UMBC Student Handbook, the Faculty Handbook, or the UMBC Policies section of the UMBC Directory.

  7. Grading • 30% homework: once a week, 11 assignments in total • 35% midterm: October 5 & November 7 • 35% final exam: December 14-20 • participation in the course is also considered!

  8. Homework • 30% homework • you are encouraged to work in teams of 2 - but everybody has to hand in his/her homework. • Use resources: • course webpage • library • www - careful! Not every website tells the truth! Wikipedia might be wrong! • Use refereed / text book material whenever possible and cite correctly • include all intermediate steps (partial credit)

  9. Course website • lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/~beckmann/physics316 • schedule • literature • homework • who’s who page • contact information

  10. Literature • Required text book: • Barbara Ryden, “Introduction to Cosmology” (2003), Addison Wesley, ISBC 0-8053-8912-1; about 65.- $ • optional: Andrew Liddle, “An Introduction to Modern Cosmology”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (about 40.- $) • nice to read: Steven Weinberg, “The First Three Minutes”, BasicBooks (about 11.- $) • have a look on the books today here after the class!

  11. About the course • Tuesdays and Thursdays 8:30 a.m. (uff!) • starts with repeating last lectures main points • discussing homework (if any) • no script - we’ll follow the text book closely • participation of students • small quiz (not relevant for your grade) on September 12th (Sep. 13 is last day to drop course without a grade of “W”) • contact me via e-mail: beckmann@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov • or during office hours (after lecture) in room 415

  12. About the course • sophomores to seniors in this course • Prerequisite PHYS 122 • basic physics (gravitation, electromagnetic waves, wave-particle dualism, elementary particles) • mathematics (some calculus) • astrophysics not mandatory, but … • what we will not use: advanced calculus, tensor algebra, plasma physics ... • What we will not do: learn complex formulas by heart

  13. Getting started What’s cosmology ? What do we have to know about the Universe to do cosmology ? Key questions? Graphic: HST

  14. Christmas you’ll be able to answer... • How is the cosmos evolving? • What different models are there for the evolution of the cosmos and what do they predict? • What might be the future of the universe? • How can we describe the beginning of the universe? • What (anti-)particles and elements are abundant in the universe and how did they form? • What observations led to today’s cosmology?

  15. Christmas you’ll know something about... • Hubble law (observed increasing velocity with increasing distance of galaxies) • Friedmann equation (description of the cosmological evolution) • Dark matter • Dark energy (cosmological constant) • Inflation • Nucleosynthesis

  16. Astronomy • Let’s start with some astronomy...

  17. Foto by Scott Tucker

  18. Foto by Steve Barrett

  19. Phot Foto: N.A. Sharp, NOAO/AURAU/NSF

  20. Planets of the solar system (Pluto is not considered a planet anymore) Graphic: NASA

  21. The Sun - just an ordinary star!

  22. The Sun - just an ordinary star!

  23. The Sun - just an ordinary star!

  24. The Sun - a fusion reactor

  25. Mass loss of the red giant star V838

  26. Stellar evolution • Gravitation -> star formation • fusion -> main sequence evolution • heavy stars (>10 solar masses): Supernova or neutron stars • solar type stars: white dwarfs • <0.5 solar masses: brown dwarf

  27. There are about 50 billion stellar systems in the Milkyway

  28. Globular (star) Cluster M5

  29. Zooming into the Globular Cluster M22

  30. Star forming regions: the horsehead nebula in Orion

  31. Star forming regions: the horsehead nebula in the Orion region

  32. Star forming regions: M17

  33. Movement of stars around the Galactic Center

  34. Andromeda galaxy M31. Foto: T.A. Rector, B.A.Wolpa, NOAO/AURA/NSF

  35. M101 Foto: George Jacoby, Bruce Bohannan, Mark Hanna, NOAO/AURA/NSF

  36. M104 Foto: Todd Boroson, NOAO/AURA/NSF

  37. M89 Foto: NOAO/AURA/NSF

  38. Coma Galaxy Cluster Photo: Omar Lopez-Cruz, Ian Shelton, NOAO/AURA/NSF

  39. Galaxy Cluster RDCS 1252.9-2927 Combined VLT optical and Chandra X-ray image

  40. Large Scale Structure in the Universe Simulation, Credits: F. Summers, L. Hernquist, M. White

  41. Summary - stars (suns) undergo evolution - star formation (gravity) - fusion (H and He burning) - supernova or white dwarf - milkyway is inhomogeneous: star forming regions, globular clusters, central massive black hole - 5e10 stars in Milkyway (galaxy) - about 1e11 galaxies in the universe

  42. Summary - galaxies come in different shape: spiral (young), elliptical (old), irregular (very young or disrupted) - galaxies form groups: galaxy clusters - a lot of gas trapped in potential of galaxy clusters

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