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Subtitling (captioning)

Regional Meeting for Central and Eastern Europe organized by International “ eAccessibility in Television Broadcasting in Central and Eastern Europe ” (HRT Academy, Zagreb, Croatia) – 3-4 December 2013). Subtitling (captioning). Gion Linder

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Subtitling (captioning)

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  1. Regional Meeting for Central and Eastern Europe organized by International “eAccessibility in Television Broadcasting in Central and Eastern Europe” (HRT Academy, Zagreb, Croatia) – 3-4 December 2013) Subtitling (captioning) Gion Linder Head of subtitling SWISS TXTChairman Eurovision Access Services Experts Group gion.linder@swisstxt.ch

  2. Topics • What are subtitles? • Target groups • Legal issues • Technology • Input technologies • Content access • Reception of subtitles • Subtitling market • Quality • Profession subtitler/respeaker • Subtitles on all devices • Added values • International

  3. What are subtitles? Subtitles are is a textual version of the dialog or commentary … [in audiovisual media]. (Wikipedia) • Intra- / interlingual subtitles • Closed / open subtitles

  4. Target groups Hearing impaired (WHO: 5% or 360’000’000) • Deaf • Hard of hearing • age-related • profound • Late deafened • Deaf children Foreign language comprehension • Learners

  5. Legal issues (1/2) There would be no such service without legislation(except the US) Fields: • Only broadcast or online as well? • Subtitles, signed programs,clean audio

  6. Legal issues (2/2) • European directives • EU encourages member states • National legislation • Voluntary service

  7. Technology • Server • Transmission system • DVB, Teletext or online • Exchange format: STL  EBU TT • Equipment providers • Screen (Sysmedia) • FAB • Softel • Cavena (Scantitling)

  8. Input technologies (1/10) Keyboard • Ordinary Keyboard • Stenotype • only in the UK and US (and Italy) • Short key systems • e.g. Norway • Fast typers • e.g. Austria • Dual keyboards

  9. Input technologies (2/10) Voice recognition • Respeaking • Dragon and IBM • Available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and Dutch • Respeaking with correction • France (correct sentences vs. delay) • Automatic voice recognition

  10. Input technologies (3/10)

  11. Input technologies (4/10) Automatic subtitling = recognition + creation of subtitles • for live programs, with subsequent correction, alignment service • Problems that might occur • Challenges

  12. Input technologies (5/10) Automatic subtitling • NER value from different providers

  13. Input technologies (6/10) Automatic subtitling - Difficulties • Spoken vs. written language • Different from standard language • Background music/noise • Big variation within a program • Wrong recognized words

  14. Input technologies (7/10) Savas project • EU funded, 2 years • 6 languages: German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Basque • Goal: live subtitling of news programs

  15. Input technologies (8/10)

  16. Input technologies (9/10) Automatic subtitling - Conclusions • Not all kind of programs suit • Standard language • Without spontaneous speech • Homogenous program format • Noise and background sound standardized

  17. Input technologies (10/10) Automatic subtitling • Possible area of use • Local programs • Automatic recognition with postponed correction • Subtitles available on the internet and HbbTV

  18. Content access • Prerecorded programs • Access to content as early as possible • Convert to low res (+ meta data) • Distribution • Attach to data base or copy on MXF • Live programs • Access to news desk • Access to prerecorded videos • Near live: access to audio at least

  19. Reception of subtitles (1/5) • Display on screen • Common sense • 2 lines, on the bottom • Double height • Only bright colors • Duration chps or wpm

  20. Reception of subtitles (2/5) • Processing live subtitles • Scrolling vs. blocks • Time spent on images Source: Pablo Romero-Fresco

  21. Reception of subtitles (3/5)

  22. Reception of subtitles (4/5)

  23. Reception of subtitles (5/5)

  24. Subtitling market • Prerecorded programs • Hard competition • Easy to enter the market • Live programs • Follow the value chain • Costs for a broadcaster • Different ways to fulfill: With or without an own staff

  25. Quality (1/7) • Definition of quality • Pretty easy for prerecorded programs • Correctly, regarding content and grammar • Word order and key words • Verbatim as long as possible • Description of non visible sounds • Linguistic nuances, ambiguities, irony • In sync and frame accurate • Easy language?

  26. Quality (2/7) • Definition of quality • For live programs • Verbatim vs. slight synthesis • Scrolling vs. block • Real live vs. postponed editing (delay!)

  27. Quality (3/7) • Quality assessment • For live programs • Word error rate • NER model • Assessment in the UK • So far: WER • New: NER model • 90 minutes per year per channel • News, entertainment and sports • Supervision by Roehampton University

  28. Quality (4/7)

  29. Quality (5/7) • NER model: error examples • Serious he’s having problems with the cheques instead ofhe’s having problems with the Czechs • Normal he’s a buy you a bull asset instead ofhe’s a valuable asset • Minor Simon brown has been appointed new chairman of Rolls Royce instead ofSimon Brown has been appointed new chairman of Rolls Royce

  30. Quality (6/7) NERstar tool • All you need: • video, subtitle, transcript • Calculates the NERvalue and the delay

  31. Quality (7/7) NER model • British Ofcom plans: • 6 videos, 5 minutes each for news, entertainment and sports • Supervising Roehampton university

  32. Profession subtitler • Ordinary subtitler • Respeaker • In the future only corrector? • Precarious work situation

  33. Subtitles on all devices • From linear to non linear • New format  EBU TT • On all devices? • On the own webpage? • On HbbTV? • On TV service providers like Zattoo? • On mobile devices?

  34. Added values • Subtitles may improve • the search in the own archives • the search for video search engines • Subtitles may be useful • for recognition software

  35. International • Awareness • EBU: Eurovision Access services experts group • Knowledge exchange • Interfere when necessary • ITU: Focus Group • Other stakeholders

  36. Thank you! gion.linder@swisstxt.ch

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