Characterizing Mineral Dust for Surveillance Purposes A Multidisciplinary Approach

1. Characterizing Mineral Dust for Surveillance Purposes A Multidisciplinary Approach Johann Engelbrecht Desert Research Institute (DRI), Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. johann@dri.edu Weather Impacts Decision Aids (WIDA) Workshop Reno, Nevada - March 13, 2012 RJ Lee Group

2. Baghdad, Iraq Syria Iraq Iran Shamal (Dust Storm) July 30, 2009 Saudi Arabia Kuwait

3. Afghanistan October 8, 2004

4. DOD Projects • Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP): 2005 – 2010 • Provide USCENTCOM with scientifically founded information on mineralogical, chemical and physical properties of dust collected within their AOR • Assess potential human health risks • Assess harmful effect on military equipment • Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System for Department of Defense – In Theater Aerosol Monitoring Initiative (ITAMI): 2011-2014? • Provide continuous measurements of chemical, optical, morphological properties of airborne dust and other pollutants • Address health issues • Support battlefield operations – optical surveillance & remote sensing

5. DOD/DOE/EPA Projects • Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP): Ongoing • Measure fugitive dust emissions from U.S. DoD activities

6. EPMSP - Sampling Sites Site 6. Balad,Iraq Site 7. Baghdad, Iraq Site 8. Tallil Iraq Site 9. Tikrit, Iraq Site 10. Taji, Iraq Site 11. Al Asad,Iraq KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN TURKMENISTAN Site 2. Bagram, Afghanistan Site 3. Khowst, Afghanistan SYRIA Site 12. Northern Kuwait Site 13. Central Kuwait Site 14. Coastal Kuwait Site 15. Southern Kuwait IRAN JORDAN PAKISTAN Site 5. United Arab Emirates SAUDI ARABIA EGYPT OMAN Site 1. Djibouti YEMEN Site 4. Qatar SUDAN SOMALIA ETHIOPIA KENYA SEYCHELLES Sampling plan: 15 Sites , 1 in 6 day, 24 hr, 12 months 2006 - 2007 Title • Content

7. EPMSP - Aerosol sampling • Three AirmetricsMinivol®filter samplers installed at each of the 15 sampling sites • Three size fractions of ambient aerosols: • <2.5 m aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) • <10 m aerodynamic diameter (PM10) • Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) • Aerosol samples collected on 47 mm: • Teflon (2 sampling days/month) • Quartz fiber (2 sampling days/month) • Nuclepore membrane (1 sampling day/month • Sampling for one year, on a1 in 6 day sampling schedule during 2006/7, providing 3136 filters for chemical, mineralogical, and individual particle analysis

8. Analysis of Teflon & quartz fiber filters • Gravimetry • X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), (40 major, minor & trace elements: Na to U) • Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), (traceelements: As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, V, Zn) • Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), (water soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) • Ion Chromatography (IC), (water soluble Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, SO4=, NH4+) • Thermal Optical Transmission (TOT), (elemental & organic carbon)

9. Individual Particle Analysis of Nuclepore Filters • Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)(approximately 250 images & EDS spectra) • Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy (CCSEM)individual particle chemistry & morphology (approximately 250 filters, 1000 particles/filter & 28 chemical species)

10. SEM, Secondary Electron Images & EDS Spectra Tikrit, Iraq 2µm Tikrit, Iraq 6µm

11. Mineralogy by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Coastal Kuwait Halite Calcite Clay (Kaolinite) Chlorite Mica Feldspar Quartz TSP PM2.5 Halite Calcite Clay (Kaolinite) Chlorite Mica Feldspar Quartz

12. ResuspensionChamber

13. Three Wavelength Photoacoustic (Absorption) Instrument with Nephelometer (Scattering) Sensor

14. Lanzarote, Vega de Femes Nephelometer & Photoacoustic Single Scattering Albedo

15. Single Scattering Albedovs % Fe2O3 (Hematite) PM2.5

16. 50 m Mineralogy by Optical Microscopy Dust Sample from Mali -Bamako 200 m Opaque oxide particles together and transparent quartz grains with reddish coatings of iron oxides (polarized light microscopy) Transparent quartz grains with reddish parches of iron oxides on surfaces(polarized light microscopy)

17. SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait

18. SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait

19. Tigris River Tikrit Euphrates River Balad Taji Al Asad Baghdad Tallil Soils map of Iraq & sampling sites

20. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of PM10 Chemical Results from Baghdad, Iraq

21. Conclusion • The character of airborne mineral dust can best be understood from measurements of their mineralogical, chemical, and physical properties by multiple analytical techniques

22. Thanks,Questions or Comments?johann@dri.edu Publications & Reports • Engelbrechtet al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 1: Ambient sampling. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 297-326 • Engelbrechtet al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 2: Grab samples and re-suspensions. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 327- 336 • National Research Council of the National Acadamies, (2010). Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report, The National Acadamies Press, Washington D.C., 85 pp. • Moosmüller, H., J. P. Engelbrecht, M. Skiba, G. Frey, R. K. Chakrabarty, and W. P. Arnott (2011).  Single Scattering Albedo of Fine Mineral Dust Aerosols Controlled by Iron Concentration.  J. Geophys. Res., submitted.