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Diagnostic X-Ray Safety Training

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Diagnostic X-Ray Safety Training

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    1. Diagnostic X-Ray Safety Training Research X-ray Installations

    2. Instructor Dennis Widner Health Physicist – Training Radiation Safety Office University of Georgia 706-542-0526

    3. Georgia DHR Training Outline Fundamentals of Radiation Safety Characteristics of radiation Units of radiation measurement Significance of radiation does and exposure (radiation protection standards and biological effects) Sources and levels of radiation Methods of controlling radiation dose (time, distance, and shielding) Radiation Detection Instrumentation to be Used Use of radiation survey instruments (operation, calibration, limitations) Use of personnel monitoring equipment (dosimetry) Radiographic Equipment to be Used Remote handling equipment Radiographic exposure devices and sealed sources Operation and control of x-ray equipment Pertinent Federal and State Regulations The Registered Users Written Operating and Emergency Procedures Case Histories of Radiography Accidents

    4. X-Ray Safety Training Fundamentals of Radiation Safety

    5. What is Radioactivity? What are X-rays ?

    7. X-rays X-rays are Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

    13. How small is an angstrom?   The point of a needle is about 1 million angstroms in diameter. Fingernails grow at about 50 angstroms per second. One angstrom is to a grain of sand, as a child's wading pool is to the Atlantic Ocean.

    17. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety

    22. Georgia Radiation Dose Units

    23. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety

    24. Health Effects of Radiation Acute Exposure Effects  Radiation in large doses in a short time causes observable damage ….observable at >25 Rem Chronic Exposure Effects  The effects from radiation exposure decrease as the dose rate is lowered. Spreading the dose over a longer period reduces the effects. Much of the controversy over radiation exposure centers on the question of how much damage is done by radiation delivered at low doses or low dose rates.

    25. Dose Response Model

    27. What kinds of health effects occur from exposure to radionuclides? In general, the amount and duration of radiation exposure affects the severity or type of health effect. There are two broad categories of health effects: stochastic and non-stochastic.

    28. Stochastic Health Effects

    29. Non-Stochastic Health Effects

    30. Is any amount of radiation safe? However, there do appear to be threshold exposures for the various non stochastic effects. (Please note that the acute affects in the following table are cumulative. For example, a dose that produces damage to bone marrow will have produced changes in blood chemistry and be accompanied by nausea.)

    32. What is the cancer risk from radiation? How does it compare to the risk of cancer from other sources? To give you an idea of the usual rate of exposure, most people receive about 3 tenths of a rem (300 mrem) every year from natural background sources of radiation (mostly radon).

    35. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety

    40. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety

    41. Operators should not be exposed to the direct x-ray beam while the unit is on.

    43. A L A R A

    48. Keys to ALARA

    49. X-Ray Safety Training Radiation Detection Instrumentation

    50. Recommended Survey Instrument Explain that we can service these instruments. We will not guarantee service or calibration on any other instruments. Show the instrument and the meter dial.Explain that we can service these instruments. We will not guarantee service or calibration on any other instruments. Show the instrument and the meter dial.

    51. Ion Chamber Survey Meter

    55. X-Ray Safety Training Radiographic Equipment

    62. X-Ray Safety Training Pertinent Federal and State Regulations

    63. Georgia Department of Human Resources Key Parts of the “Rules and Regulations for X-rays, Chapter 290-5-22” Part .01: General Provisions Part .02: Registration Part .03: Standards for the Protection Against Radiation Part .06: Radiation Safety Requirements for the Use of Non-Medical X-ray Part .07: Records, Reports and Notification

    68. Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.4

    74. X-Ray Safety Training The Registered Users Written Operating and Emergency Procedures

    75. Write your own operating and emergency procedures, no matter how detailed or how large or small of a document. Use the vendor’s manual in assisting your generation of your manual Use the radiation safety training to supplement as well. Everyone must be trained on your manual and document training. Both operating and emergency manual must be present at all times.

    76. X-Ray Safety Training Case Histories of Radiography Accidents

    77. Maryland 1991 no personnel dosimeters or survey meters flashing warning signals ignored padlock missing from gate 2 of 3 photocells inoperative (1 switched off) pressure mat removed deliberately passed beneath only working photocell safety procedures & interlocks routinely bypassed fingers of both hands amputated

    78. QECC Data on Sealed Source Accidents

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