11.1 Types of Tissues

1. 11.1 Types of Tissues • A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

2. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body • Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities • Connective: supports and bonds body parts • Muscular: moves the body and its parts • Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses

3. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures; functions may also include: • Secretion (glands) • Absorption • Excretion • Filtration

4. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to Cell Type: • Squamous: Outer cells are flattened • Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped • Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular • Epithelial Tissue can also be classified according to the number of layers in the tissue. • Simple: Single layer of cells • Stratified: Multiple cell layers

5. Epithelial Tissue

6. Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

7. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue • Binds organs together • Provides support and protection • Fills spaces • Produces blood cells • Stores fat

8. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Components of Connective Tissue • Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid • Fibers: collagen,elastic, reticular • Cells: various types

9. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue Continued • Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other substances. • Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many internal organs. • Dense connective tissue is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments.

10. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue Continued • Adipose Tissue • Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat • Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection • Reticular Connective Tissue • Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in: • The spleen • The thymus • Bone marrow

11. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue Continued • Cartilage • Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna • Three Types of Cartilage • Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers • Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible • Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers

12. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue Continued • Bone • The most rigid connective tissue • Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around collagen • Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation • Two Types of Bone • Compact bone (shafts of long bones) • Spongy bone (end of long bones)

13. Examples of Connective Tissue

14. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Connective Tissue Continued • Blood • Transports respiratory gases • Transports nutrients and wastes • Involved with many aspects of homeostasis • Helps protect us from disease

15. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Components of Blood • Red Blood Cells • Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen • White Blood Cells • Fight infection • Platelets • Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting

16. Blood

17. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Muscular Tissue • Muscle cells are called muscle fibers • Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments • Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements • Types of Muscle Tissues • Skeletal • Smooth (visceral) • Cardiac

18. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Skeletal Muscle • Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton • Cells are striated and multinucleated • Is voluntary • Smooth Muscle • Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract • Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus • Striations are not present • Is involuntary • Cardiac muscle • Occurs in the wall of the heart • Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus • Is involuntary

19. Muscular Tissue

20. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Nervous Tissue • Neurons (nerve cells) • Conduct impulses • Sensory input, integration, motor output • Neuron structure • Dendrites • Cell body • Axon • Neuroglia • Support and nourish neurons • Microglia: phagocytic • Astrocytes: provide nutrients • Oligodendroglia: form myelin

21. Neurons and Neuroglia

22. 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes • Cavities • Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm • Thoracic cavity • Lungs • Heart • Abdominal cavity • Visceral organs • Bladder • Reproductive organs • Dorsal Cavity • Cranial cavity • Brain • Spinal cavity • Spinal cord

23. Mammalian Body Cavities

24. 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes • Body Membranes • Mucous Membranes • Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs • Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue • Goblet cells-produce mucus • Protective function • Serous Membranes • Line thoracic and abdominal cavities • Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue • Specific names according to location • Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs • Pericardial-encloses heart • Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery

25. 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes • Body Membranes Continued • Synovial membranes • Loose connective tissue • Line freely movable joints • Secrete synovial fluid • Meninges • Line the dorsal cavity • Protect brain and spinal cord • Connective tissue

26. 11.3 Organ Systems

27. 11.3 Organ Systems

28. 11.3 Organ Systems

29. 11.3 Organ Systems

30. 11.3 Organ Systems

31. 11.3 Organ Systems

32. 11.3 Organ Systems

33. 11.3 Organ Systems

34. 11.3 Organ Systems

35. 11.3 Organ Systems

36. 11.3 Organ Systems

37. 11.3 Organ Systems

38. 11.3 Organ Systems

39. 11.3 Organ Systems

40. 11.4 Integumentary System • The Integumentary System • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat Glands • Sebaceous Glands

41. 11.4 Integumentary System • Functions of the Integumentary System • Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss • Helps to regulate body temperature • Synthesizes Vitamin D • Helps us to be aware of our surroundings

42. 11.4 Integumentary System • Regions of the Skin • Epidermis • Stratified squamous epithelium • Basal layer produces new cells • Cells harden and die as they push to the surface • Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof • Melanocytes - produce pigment

43. 11.4 Integumentary System • Regions of the Skin • Dermis • Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing • Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension • Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin • Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, temperature

44. 11.4 Integumentary System • Subcutaneous Layer • Loose connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Insulation • Energy storage

45. Human Skin Anatomy

46. 11.4 Integumentary System • Accessory Organs of the Skin • Nails • Protect digits • Nail root- grows new nail • Cuticle- protects nail root • Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells

47. Nail Anatomy

48. 11.4 Integumentary System • Accessory Organs of the Skin • Hair Follicles • Extend from dermis through epidermis • Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps” • Epidermal cells in hair root form hair • Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away from root • Oil Glands • Associated with hair follicles • Lubricates hair and skin • Sweat Glands • Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin • Thermoregulation

49. 11.5 Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the body’s internal environment. • Even if external conditions change dramatically, internal conditions stay within a narrow range.

50. 11.5 Homeostasis • Negative Feedback • Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point. • Two components (minimum) • A sensor • A control center