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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Delivering Speeches. Delivering Speeches. What is Effective Delivery? What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively? How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Question-and-Answer Sessions How Can You Improve Your Delivery?.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Delivering Speeches

  2. Delivering Speeches What is Effective Delivery? What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively? How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Question-and-Answer Sessions How Can You Improve Your Delivery?

  3. What is Effective Delivery? • Delivery should enhance the message, not distract listeners • Conversational, natural, and spontaneous • Select a topic in which you have a keen interest or deep convictions • Begin practicing basics • Observe experienced public presenters

  4. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Extemporaneous mode Memorized mode Manuscript mode Impromptu mode

  5. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Extemporaneous mode Sounds conversational Presentation delivered from outline or from brief notes Most often taught Requires considerable effort Not practiced to the point of memorization

  6. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Extemporaneous mode Advantages Most versatile Demands attention to public speaking preparation Allows high-quality communication Invites bodily movement, gestures, and rapid nonverbal response to audience feedback Key word outline easier to use Disadvantages Requires practice and effort Could change meaning

  7. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Memorized mode Committing a presentation to memory Presenter also rehearses gestures, eye contact, and movement Best when performance is more important than communication with the audience Oratory contests, lecture circuit, and banquet speeches common place for memorized mode

  8. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Memorized mode Advantages Maximum use of delivery skills Disadvantages Permits little or no adaptation Recovery more difficult after a mistake Can sound memorized

  9. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Manuscript mode Writing out complete presentation in advance and using that manuscript to deliver speech Used when presenter has to be precise, avoid errors, and defend every word

  10. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Manuscript mode Advantages Prevents slips of the tongue and poor wording Disadvantages Reduces eye contact Hinders audience adaptation Might cause less frequent use of gestures Might affect vocal variety Can cause pacing to become too rapid or too slow

  11. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Impromptu mode Giving a presentation without advance preparation Requires a moment to compose thoughts and identify important points

  12. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery? Impromptu mode Advantages Reveals your skill in unplanned circumstances Opportunity to think on your feet and be spontaneous Disadvantages Discourages audience analysis Discourages planned research Discourages detailed preparation Outcome is uncertain

  13. Figure 7.1.b: Four Modes of Delivery

  14. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Adjust Your Rate to Content, Audience, and Situation Rate – speed of delivery Needs to be adapted to each situation Use Pause for Effect Pause – brief silence for effect Vocalizedpause – way of delaying with sound Do not be afraid of silence

  15. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Duration for Attention Duration – how long something lasts Use Rhythm to Establish Tempo Rhythm – tempo of a speech Usually starts slowly then accelerates in body Conclusion typically slows in review Alliteration – repetition of initial sounds of words

  16. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Pitch for Expression Pitch – highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice, or the melody produced by the voice Learn pitch control through constant practice Use Volume for Emphasis Volume – relative loudness or softness of your voice

  17. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Enunciation for Clarity Enunciation – pronunciation and articulation of words Pronunciation – production of the sounds of a word Articulation – physiological process of creating sounds Check pronunciation in dictionary Prolong syllables Malapropisms (mistaking one word for another) based on articulation errors

  18. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Fluency for Fluidity Fluency – smoothness of delivery, the flow of the words, and absence of vocalized pauses Must be confident in content If you practiced the words, disruptive repetition and vocalized pauses are unlikely to occur

  19. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Fluency for Fluidity Addition – adding an extra sound to a word “pic-a-nic” “ath-a-lete” “real-ah-toor” Deletion – dropping a sound from a word “rassberry” “liberry” “goin” “possum”

  20. How Can YouUse Your Voice Effectively? Use Fluency for Fluidity Substitution – replacing one sound with another “git” “ruff” “tomata” Transposition – reversing two sounds “perfessor” “hunderd”

  21. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Use Eye Contact to Hold Audience Attention Eye contact – way a presenter observes the audience while speaking Audiences prefer maintenance of good eye contact Improves the credibility of the presenter Varies with gender, personality, and culture Improve eye contact by knowing the presentation Scan the audience for friendly faces

  22. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Use Facial Expression to Communicate Facial expression uses eyes, eyebrows, forehead, and mouth to communicate Shows how we feel Presenters who vary facial expression are viewed as more credible Constant smiling may communicate submissiveness or nervousness

  23. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Use Gestures to Reinforce Message Gestures – motions of the hands or body for emphasis or expression Have to work to make public speaking look easy Gestures differ with size of audience and formality of occasion With practice, you will learn which natural movements seem to help

  24. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Use Bodily Movement for Purpose Movement – what you do with your entire body during a presentation Try to face audience even when moving Avoid purposeless movement Distance between presenter and audience is significant

  25. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively? Wear Appropriate Attire Wear clothing that is typical for your audience Avoid clothing or jewelry that is likely to distract your audience from the message Wear clothing and accessories that contribute to your credibility

  26. Question-and-Answer Sessions Prepare for handling questions when you are presented with them Consider possible questions beforehand and prepare thoughtful and thorough responses Check your understanding of the question, repeat it, and ask for clarification Do not become defensive or angry Be truthful and sincere in your answers Try to “manage” the Q&A

  27. How Can You Improve Your Delivery? Steps to improve your delivery Start with detailed working outline Distill outline into speaking outline Practice alone in front of a mirror Practice in front of others Practice with minimal notes in an empty classroom or a similarly sized place Use past critiques Watch a video tape

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