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Chapters 4,5,6

Chapters 4,5,6. Primary Survey Secondary Procedures First Aid. Primary vs. Secondary Assessment. Primary Assessment Life-threatening Conditions Determine Responsiveness Check ABC’s A irway B reathing C irculation. Secondary Assessment You have ruled out Life-Threatening conditions

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Chapters 4,5,6

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  1. Chapters 4,5,6 Primary Survey Secondary Procedures First Aid

  2. Primary vs. Secondary Assessment • Primary Assessment • Life-threatening Conditions • Determine Responsiveness • Check ABC’s • Airway • Breathing • Circulation • Secondary Assessment • You have ruled out Life-Threatening conditions • Begin HIT/HOPS • History • Inspection/Observation • Palpation • S/Testing (Special Testing)

  3. Primary Assessment This is the first thing that needs to be done when approaching a victim. Once a life-threatening condition has been ruled out, your evaluation can continue. • Airway • Partial Airway Obstruction • Universal Choking Sign • Total Airway Obstruction • Breathing • Circulation

  4. SO YOUR ATHLETE IS BLEEDING… • External Bleeding • Ways to control it: • Direct Pressure • Elevation (if possible) • Pressure Points • Hemorrhage • More severe, heavy flow of bleeding • Emergency! • If bleeding cannot be controlled, 911 needs to be called!!!

  5. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS • Used to prevent the spread of blood-borne pathogens. • Barrier Protection • Sharps Disposal • Infectious Control • Hand Washing

  6. HIT/HOPS • History • To gather information about the situation and the injury • Inspection/Observation • Visual examination of the body part • Palpation • Examination of an injured area by touch to determine the type of injury. • (Special) Testing • Includes MMT, ROM evaluation, neurological testing and specific evaluations

  7. HISTORYCommon Questions to Ask… • What happened? • How did it happen? • When did it happen? • Has this happened before? • Where was the pain initially? • Did you hear any sounds/ feel any sensations? • Were you able to continue participating? • How soon did it swell? • Does it feel unstable? • What relieves the pain? • How severe is the pain? • What does the pain feel like? • Are you experiencing any numbness or tingling? • Have you had any treatment for this yet? If so, what has been done? • Have you injured this body part before?

  8. Vital Signs • These are taken during a secondary procedure. It could be part of the history or the inspection. • Heart Rate (pulse) • Breathing Rate (respirations) • Breath Sounds/Odor • Blood Pressure • Body Temperature • Skin Color • Capillary Refill • Pupillary Reaction • Ability to Move • Response to Pain

  9. INSPECTION/OBSERVATION • Inspect surroundings for clues • Look for obvious deformity, swelling and discoloration • Really observe the athlete • Watch how they are holding the body part • Watch them as they approach you • Have them walk/do a motion for you and watch their reaction

  10. PALPATION • Examining an injury through touch • Compare bilaterally • If something feels different, then you have probably found your point of injury.

  11. SPECIAL TESTING • Range of Motion (ROM) • Compare Bilaterally • Test all ROM at the joint • Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) • Compare Bilaterally • Grade Scale 0-5 • Table 5.1 pg 46 in book • Neurological Testing • Can be tested through sensation or movement • Every body part is linked to a specific nerve • Special Testing • Specific tests for the injury • Ex) Lachman’s ACL test

  12. SIGN vs. SYMPTOM • Sign • Something that can be measured/observed • Something that the Athletic Trainer can see or test • Examples: • Vital Signs • Sweating • Breath Odor • Symptom • Something that cannot be measured by the caregiver. • Information is something that only the athlete will know (what they feel) • Examples • Pain Level • Nausea

  13. WHAT IS SHOCK? • A condition in which inadequate blood and oxygen are supplied to vital organs. • Inadequate blood supply to these organs will result in shock (5 organs necessary for life): • Brain • Heart • Lungs • Liver • Kidneys

  14. WHY DO WE GO INTO SHOCK? • Axial blood vessels dilate while appendicular blood vessels constrict. • Heart Stops • Significant loss of blood

  15. RECOGNIZING SHOCK • SIGNS • Agitation • Rapid, weak pulse • Decreased BP (100mm HG or lower systolic) • Cold, clammy skin • Sweating • Cyanosis • Increasing unconsciousness • Pale skin tone • SYMPTOMS • Nausea • Dizziness • Thirst • Anxiety

  16. TYPES OF SHOCKTable 5.2 pg 47 in book • Psychogenic • Septic • Neurological • Cardiogenic • Hemorrhagic/Hypovolemic • Metabolic • Respiratory • Anaphylactic

  17. TREATING SHOCK • Treat the original injury • Keep the athlete warm • Elevate arms and legs 10-12in above heart (as long as there is no fracture) • Measure respirations and pulse every 5min • Don’t give them anything to eat or drink • If vomiting occurs, put them in recovery position • Get them to hospital ASAP!!

  18. ASSESSING FRACTURES • Check: • Capillary refill • Pulse • Sensation in extremity • Do not ask the athlete to use the body part as it could cause further damage!

  19. MANAGING FRACTURES • Requires immediate attention from a Physician • Splint the area whether the fracture is obvious or not (if you suspect a fracture, splint it) • Once the athlete is splinted, they can be moved and should be monitored for signs/symptoms of shock

  20. TYPES OF SPLINTS • Types of splints: • Traction Splint • Rigid Splint • Semi-rigid Splint • Soft Splint

  21. PRICE • Protection • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation • Method used to treat most sprains, strains, contusions and splinted fractures.

  22. HEAT-RELATED PROBLEMS • Hyperthermia = an exceptional rise in body temperature • Heat Cramps • Heat Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Medical emergency, 911 needs to be called

  23. HOW TO PREVENT HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS • Acclimatize • Wear lightweight uniforms • Frequent water breaks • Weigh in before and after practice • Check humidity and temperature • Avoid saunas and hot-tubs for extended time • Eat properly • Get plenty of rest • Replace fluids lost after practice • STAY HYDRATED ALWAYS!!!!

  24. COLD-RELATED PROBLEMS • Hypothermia = subnormal body temperature from prolonged exposure to damp cold. • Frostbite • PREVENTION • Dry, non-restrictive clothing • Acclimatize • Layers • Avoid outdoors in extreme cold • Cover head, mouth and extremeties • Try to stay dry • Wind-resistant clothing

  25. FOR YOUR QUIZ • 3 things you are looking for in a Primary Assessment • Universal Precautions • Sign vs. Symptom • Explain HOPS • 5 organs necessary to sustain life • Types of shock • Explain PRICE • Prevention of Heat-related Illness

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