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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. IMMUNOLOGY: It is the study that deals with complex defense mechanism of the body and complex invading agent. IMMUNITY: The defense mechanism of the body The resistance in the body against diseases. The reaction of the body towards any foreign substance.

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

  2. IMMUNOLOGY: It is the study that deals with complex defense mechanism of the body and complex invading agent. IMMUNITY: The defense mechanism of the body The resistance in the body against diseases. The reaction of the body towards any foreign substance.

  3. IMMUNE • A person is said to be immune when he possesses specific protective antibodies or cellular immunity as a result of previous infection or immunization.

  4. NATURAL RESISTANCE • Physical & Chemical Barriers : • Skin • Fatty acids in the serum • Mucosal linings of GIT, RT & GUT. • Lysozymes – saliva & tears • pH of Gastric & intestinal fluids • Normal Commensal microbes • Innate defense Mechanisms (Primary) PMNL, Macrophages, phagocytic cells Inflammation – opsonins –out pouring humoral substances Chemotactic attraction of phagocytic cells. • Adaptive / Immune system: Lymphocytes (B&T) Lymphoid organs of body

  5. USES OF IMMUNOLOGY • the immunization programmes • in hypersensitivity and adverse drug reactions • in forecasting of epidemics • in serological diagnosis and blood grouping and & • Carrier detection.

  6. SPECIFIC DEFENSES • ACTIVE IMMUNITY • Humoral immunity • Cellular immunity • Combination of the above

  7. PASSIVE IMMUNITY • Normal human Ig • Specific human Ig • Animal antitoxins or antisera.

  8. NON-SPECIFIC OR INNATE IMMUNITY Is present in all the living beings irrespective of their stage in evolution. It can be initiated immediately against any invader without any previous contact. • Species and Strains • Age • Hormonal Influences • Nutritional Factors

  9. SPECIFIC OR ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Requires previous knowledge of the antigen, reacts specifically with the corresponding antigen and time is required to mount the attack. This type of immunity is present only in vertebrates. Thus specific immunity is associated with evolution of lymphoid tissue.

  10. Active Immunization: • The immunization procedure which causes active stimulation or production of specific antibodies. Active Immunity: • It is the immunity which an individual develops as a result of an infection or by specific immunization. It depends upon the humoral and cellular responses of the host. The immunity is specific for a particular disease. • Following clinical infection • Following sub clinical infection • Following immunization Live Killed Toxoid

  11. IMMUNE RESPONSE • PRIMARY RESPONSE: • Latent period : 3-10 days • IgM -2-3 days • IgG – 7-10 days • OUTCOME: • Education of reticuloendothelial system • Induction of antibodies to the specific infections

  12. SECONDARY RESPONSE • Short latent period • More rapid Antibodies production • Antibodies more abundant • High level for longer period • Greater avidity or capacity • Production of IgM and IgG antibodies

  13. HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY • T lymphocytes • B Lymphocytes

  14. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION • Active immunity takes time to develop • Active immunity is superior to passive immunity • Duration of protection is long • Severe reactions are rare • Protective efficiency is more than passive immunization • Active immunization is less expensive than passive immunization.

  15. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION • Transfer of ready made antibodies from an actively immunized animal or a human being. • When Antibodies are produced in one body, transferred to another to induce protection against disease. • Body does not produce its own antibodies but depends upon ready made antibodies.

  16. PASSIVE IMMUNITY: • Administration of antibodies containing preparations Immunoglobulin Antiserum • Transfer of maternal antibodies Placenta Human milk • Transfer of lymphocytes to induce cellular immunity

  17. PASSIVE IMMUNITY • Immunity is rapidly established • Immunity is temporary (days to weeks) • No education of Reticuloendothelial system.

  18. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

  19. VACCINES • It is an immunobiological substance designed to produce specific protection against a disease. It stimulates the production of protective antibody and other mechanisms. Vaccines may be prepared from • Live modified organisms. • Inactivated or killed organisms • Extracted cellular fractions • Toxoids • Combinations

  20. DIFFERENCES IN VACCINES

  21. VACCINES : • Plain vaccines • Adjuvant vaccines • Freeze Dried vaccines

  22. PROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS VACCINES

  23. IMMUNOGLOBULINS • IgG – 85 % Body, present in intra & extra cellular fluids(serum), • Crosses placenta. • Antibodies against -G+ve bacteria -Antiviral -Anti-toxic

  24. IMMUNOGLOBULINS 1gA – 15% against viral & bacterial antigens • Present in body secretions • Secreted in colostrum • Saliva, Intestinal & Respiratory secretions • Tears, prostatic fluids, vaginal secretions - Provides protection against local infections

  25. IMMUNOGLOBULINS • 1gM 10% • promptly formed antibody • its presence shows recent infection • High agglutinating and complement fixing ability.

  26. IMMUNOGLOBULINS • IgD 0.3—40 mg per 100 ml of human serum. No well defined role. • 1gE – 10—30 micrograms per 100 ml. it is concentrated in sub mucous tissues. take part in immediate allergic anaphylactic reactions

  27. IMMUNOGLOBULIN PREPARATIONS • Normal Human Immunoglobulins • specific (Hyperimmune) human immunoglobulins

  28. IMMUNOGLOBULINS • LIMITATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNIZATION • Faulty Préparations • Contamination • Faulty Technique • Hypersensitivity Reactions • Provocation of Disease • Carrier State

  29. APPROPRIATE USES OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES ____________________________________________________________ AGENT/ TARGET POPULATION DOSE STATUS CONDITION Hepatitis A Family contacts 0.02ml/kg of Body wt. Recommended (IG) for prevention Institutional outbreaks 0.02ml/kg of Body wt. -do- Travelers exposed to 0.02ml/kg of Body wt. do- unhygienic conditions in & repeat every four -do- developing countries. Months Hepatitis B percutaneous or mucosal 0.06ml/kg of Body wt. Recommended Exposure within 7 days of for prevention exposure & repeat after one month (HBIG) New borns of mother 0.05ml/kg. at birth then Recommended with HBs Ag 3 & 6 months for prevention Sexual contacts of acute 0.05ml/kg of body wt. Recommended Hepatitis-B patients Repeat after one for prevention month Rubella Women exposed during 20 ml (IG) Optional for early pregnancy prevention. Measles Immuno-suppressed 0.25ml/kg. of body Recommended infants and contacts of wt.as soon as possible for prevention acute cases of measles. after exposure (IG) Rabies Subjects exposed to rabid 20 IU/kg of body Recommended animals. wt. (RIG-Human) for prevention 40 IU/kg of body wt. ARS (Equine) Tetanus Following significant 250 units for Recommended exposure of un- prophylaxis (TIG) for prevention immunized or & Treatment incompletely immunized persons, immediately on 3.000-6,000 units or therapy diagnosis of disease. IG: Immunoglobulin TIG: Tetanus Immunoglobulin HBIG: Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin RIG: Rabies Immunoglobulin Source: • “Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.” J.E. Park. 18th Ed. 2005

  30. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION PROCEDURES WITH ANTI-SERA Source: “Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.” J.E. Park 18th Ed. 2005.

  31. PROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS VACCINES SOURCE: “Nelson Text Book of Paediatrics 17th Edidtion, 2004 “Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.” J.E. Park 18th Ed. 2005

  32. Vaccines Live:- • BCG, Measles, OPV • More Potent • Not given to immunodeficient persons. • Not given in Leukemia, lymphoma, • Steroid admin. Radiations Alk agents • Pregnancy • Stored – properly • Single dose

  33. Killed: Safe • Less Efficacious • Series of doses of vaccine Booster • Duration - Months to year • S/C, 1/M C/I Sever Local or general Reaction. Toxoid

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