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Development of the Envelope Criteria. Merle McBride, Ph.D., P.E Senior Research Associate Owens Corning ASHRAE Representative At Large Orlando, FL February 7, 2005. Agenda. - Objective - Problem Statement - Background - Approach - Analysis - Results - Conclusions - Recommendations
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Development of the Envelope Criteria Merle McBride, Ph.D., P.E Senior Research Associate Owens Corning ASHRAE Representative At Large Orlando, FL February 7, 2005
Agenda - Objective - Problem Statement - Background - Approach - Analysis - Results - Conclusions - Recommendations - Q & A
Objective Develop prescriptive criteria that will result in a 30% energy savings relative to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.
Problem Statement Include in Analysis: - Envelope - HVAC - O.A. Damper Controls - SWH - Interior Lighting Exclude from Analysis: - Exterior Lighting - Plug Loads (Office Equip. & Appliances)
Background 90.1 Development • LCC Economics • Classes of Construction • Base Energy Usage • Climate Zones • Constructions • Size
Roofs Ins. Above Deck Metal Building Attic and Other Walls, Above Grade Mass Metal Building Steel Framed Wood Framed & Other Floors Mass Steel Joist Wood Framed & Other Walls, Below Grade Slab –On-Grade Unheated Heated Opaque Doors Swinging Non-Swinging Fenestration (U, SHGC) 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% Skylights (3% max.) Curb, Glass Curb, Plastic No Curb Classes of Construction
Approach Floor Area 5,000 ft220,000 ft2 No. Stories One Two Roof Wood FramedIns. Above Deck Walls Wood FramedMass Foundation Unheated SlabUnheated Slab WWR 20% & 40%30% &40%
Analysis • Couple economics and energy savings • Design of Experiment (DOE) • Simplified Energy Regression Models • Heating, Cooling, SWH, Fans, AUX • Iterative Solution Technique • 30% Energy Savings by Climate Zone • Merge 5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2
LCC Economics INCREMENTAL ENERGY SAVINGS > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (1) HEATING + COOLING > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (2) (U1–U2)*Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + (U1–U2)*Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR > FC2–FC1 (3) Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR >(FC2–FC1) (4) (U1–U2) (FC2–FC1) = ΔFC/ΔU (5) (U1–U2) [Hcoef*HDD65*Ph + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc]*SR>ΔFC/ΔU (6)
Heating Regression Equation HEATING = UoAo*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF) + 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF) - WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*%HEAT/CF - (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*%HEAT - People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*%HEAT/CF where: %HEAT = HDD65/(HDD65+CDD50)
Cooling Regression Equation COOLING = UoAo*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF) + 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF) + WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*(1 - %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*(1 - %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*(1 – %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*(1 – %HEAT)/CF + (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*(1 – %HEAT) + People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
Fans FANS = INTERCEPT + (HDD65 + CDD50) + WWR + Ufen + PF + Ufen*WWR + Ufen*PF + (HDD65 + CDD50)*Ufen*PF*WWR
Scalar Ratio for 30% Savings BinCity5,000ft220,000ft2Criteria Miami 10 8 10 Houston 12 8 12 Memphis 12-20-22 12-18-22 14 Albuquerque 10 14-18 14 Boise 10-14 8 14 Helena 12-16 8 12 Duluth 14 10 14 Fairbanks 12-20-26 10 20
Results - Tables of Prescriptive Criteria for 8 Climate Zones Same Format as 90.1 Roof – Surface reflectance/emittance (0.65 initial/0.86) WWR – 20% to 40% max. SHGC – North has separate criteria Window Orientation – (Zones 1-5) (An*SHGCn + As*SHGCs) > (Ae*SHGCe + Aw*SHGCw) Exterior Sun Control – Projection Factors (Zones 1-5) How-To-Use (EN1- to EN-42) Appendix A (R-values and U-factors)
Conclusions - Collaborative Effort - Multiple Organizations - Many Individuals - Challenging - Rewarding
Recommendations Encourage Participation in Future Projects Accept the Challenge
Acknowledgements SP102 Members Bing Liu - PNNL Leonard Suharli - OC Doug Walden - OC