Supply

1. Supply Ch. 5

2. Price As price increases… Supply Quantity supplied increases Price As price falls… Supply Quantity supplied falls The Law of Supply • According to the law of supply, suppliers will offer more of a good at a higher price.

3. Market Supply Schedule Price per slice of pizza Slices supplied per day $.50 1,000 $1.00 1,500 $1.50 2,000 $2.00 2,500 $2.50 3,000 $3.00 3,500 Supply Schedules

4. Market Supply Curve 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 .50 0 Supply Price (in dollars) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Output (slices per day) Supply Curves • A market supply curve is a graph of the quantity supplied of a good by all suppliers at different prices.

5. Elasticity of Supply • If supply is not very responsive to changes in price, it is considered inelastic. • An elastic supply is very sensitive to changes in price.

6. Time In the long run, firms are more flexible, so supply can become more elastic. What Affects Elasticity of Supply? In the short run, a firm cannot easily change its output level, so supply is inelastic.

7. Marginal Product of Labor Labor (number of workers) Output (beanbags per hour) Marginal product of labor 0 0 — 1 4 4 2 10 6 3 17 7 4 23 6 5 28 5 6 31 3 7 32 1 8 31 –1 A Firm’s Labor Decisions • Business owners have to consider how the number of workers they hire will affect their total production.

8. Increasing, Diminishing, and Negative Marginal Returns 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 Increasing marginal returns Diminishing marginal returns Marginal Product of labor (beanbags per hour) Negative marginal returns 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Labor(number of workers) Marginal Returns

9. Production Costs • A fixed cost is a cost that does not change, regardless of how much of a good is produced. Examples: rent and salaries • Variable costs are costs that rise or fall depending on how much is produced. Examples: costs of raw materials, some labor costs. • The total cost equals fixed costs plus variable costs. • The marginal cost is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.

10. Production Costs Beanbags (per hour) Fixed cost Variable cost Total cost (fixed cost + variable cost) Marginal cost Marginal revenue (market price) Total revenue Profit(total revenue – total cost) 0 1 2 3 4 $36 36 36 36 36 $0 8 12 15 20 $36 44 48 51 56 — $8 4 3 5 $24 24 24 24 24 $0 24 48 72 96 $ –36 –20 0 21 40 5 6 7 8 36 36 36 36 27 36 48 63 63 72 84 99 7 9 12 15 24 24 24 24 120 144 168 192 57 72 84 93 9 10 11 12 36 36 36 36 82 106 136 173 118 142 172 209 19 24 30 37 24 24 24 24 216 240 264 288 98 98 92 79 Setting Output • Marginal revenue is the additional income from selling one more unit of a good. It is usually equal to price. • To determine the best level of output, firms determine the output level at which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost.

11. Input Costs and Supply • Any change in the cost of an input such as the raw materials, machinery, or labor used to produce a good, will affect supply.

12. Government Influences on Supply • By raising or lowering the cost of producing goods, the government can encourage or discourage an entrepreneur or industry. 1. Subsidies 2. Taxes 3. Regulation

13. Other Factors Influencing Supply • The Global Economy • Future Expectations of Prices • Number of Suppliers