Research and Development for the International Linear Collider

1. Research and Development for the International Linear Collider Marc Ross - (Fermilab), Nick Walker - (DESY), Akira Yamamoto – (KEK) presented by Marc Ross - for the ILC Project Managers: Научная сессия-конференция секции ядерной физики ОФН РАН "Физика фундаментальных взаимодействий" Институт физики высоких энергий, Протвино, 22-25 декабря, 2008

2. ILC – Background: • traced back to: • 1965 article by Maury Tigner in Nuovo Cimento … • 1972 meeting in Switzerland in which G. I. Budker… • e+/e- collider labs – • where the linear collider was born: • BINP, SLAC, KEK, Cornell, DESY, … • where cold SRF linac technology started • Technology Reviewed (TRC); • Recommendation made (ITRP): • 1995, 2002 and 2004 • 0.5-1 TeV ILC:  Superconducting Linacs Pief Panofsky and Gersh Budker Marc Ross, Fermilab

3. Look back: 2004 • International Technology Recommendation Panel (ITRP) Report: • (released during LINAC 2004 Conference, Lubeck) Basis of the ITRP decision; basis of our progress since then rests in large part on EU – XFEL project

4. International Linear Collider R & D OUTLINE: • Reference Design – a global effort • Critical R & D for Accelerator systems (non SRF) • Critical R & D for Main Linac Technology • Project Preparation • Conclusion Marc Ross, Fermilab

5. ILC – Reference Design: • ~3000 bunches; ~ each 3 nC e+ / e-; ~20 MW avg. • six subsystems Beam Delivery and Interaction Region Marc Ross, Fermilab

6. ILC R & D – Global effort • ILC Reference Design (RD) • based on R & D in support of: TESLA, SBLC, JLC/NLC, VLEPP, CLIC • strongly linked to TESLA Design; with work done by Russian institutions: • BINP, Efremov, IHEP, INR, IRE-RAS, MEPhI, … • RD Report authored by 325 institutions (including physics/detectors) • 9 Russian institutions including: • BINP, Efremov, ITEP, JINR, Lebedev, and Universities • EU-XFEL  a large scale demonstration • ~ 5 Russian institutions involved: • BINP, Efremov, IHEP, INR, JINR Marc Ross, Fermilab

7. SRF Test Facilities DESY KEK, Japan FNAL    NML facility Under construction first beam 2010 ILC RF unit test STF (phase I & II) Under constructionfirst beam 2011 ILC RF unit test TTF/FLASH ~1 GeV ILC-like beam ILC RF unit(* lower gradient) Marc Ross, Fermilab 7

8. (Non-SRF) Beam Test Facilities ATF & ATF2 (KEK) ultra-low emittance Final Focus optics Cornell  KEK, Japan  INFN Frascati  CesrTA (Cornell) electron cloud low emittance DAfNE (INFN Frascati) kicker development electron cloud Marc Ross, Fermilab 8

9. GDE ILC Timeline and Mission 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GDE process Reference Design Report (RDR) Tech. Design Phase (TDP) 1 TDP 2 LHC physics Ready for Project Submission Prepare a design and a plan that is completely ready to go - 2012. The request from the HEP community is clear (Brian Foster). Since the timeline is uncertain: focus on R & D for cost and risk reduction develop ties within the accelerator community to facilitate a global project Marc Ross, Fermilab 9

10. Resources: Basis: institutional and regional support for science ILC will provide. Also: Support for science complements strong interest in emerging technologies ILC development effort utilizes: • ILC project preparation-specific funding • support for design and cost/risk reduction studies for the TDR • other project-specific funding (XFEL etc) • generic R&D • support for the development of specific technologies • combinations of the above • beam test facility support Marc Ross, Fermilab

11. ‘In-Kind’ R&D • provides return for regions/institutions investing resources for technical development • To ILC: • Beam Studies • Infrastructure usage • Engineering and Testing • To contributing Institute / Region: • Technology transfer between partner ILC institutions • Infrastructure development and qualification • Community connection mechanisms Marc Ross, Fermilab

12. The role of R&D: • in support of a mature, low risk design • take advantage the ongoing, increasing global investment in SRF and related technology • the big impact of the ITRP decision • Improve performance, reduce cost, challenge limitations, develop inter-regional ties, develop regional technical centers • Both a ‘project-based’ and a ‘generic’ focus The ILC has: • A Baseline Design; to be extended and used for comparison (RDR) • But ready for deployment • Research and Development activities on Alternates to the Baseline • Engages the community  venue for cost-saving / risk-reduction actvities • Plug – compatibility / modularity policy  flexibility between the above • The critical role of associated projects – XFEL, Project X, SNS, JLab12, ERLs, … • Models of ‘project implementation’ • The transition from R&D to a real project • The link between Technical Phase R&D and the project political process Marc Ross, Fermilab

13. International Linear Collider R & D • Reference Design – a global effort • Critical R & D for Accelerator systems (non SRF) • Critical R & D for Main Linac Technology • Project Preparation • Conclusion Marc Ross, Fermilab

14. ILC – Reference Design: • Positron Source, Damping Ring, Beam Delivery Examples: Beam Delivery and Interaction Region Marc Ross, Fermilab

15. Critical R & D – Accelerator Systems – Positron Source • Positron Source Design – • Each ILC pulse high energy electrons pass through a helical undulator that generates ~ 20 MeV gamma rays • These gamma rays are directed on a high power rotating titanium target • Generated positrons are collected through a very short focus, close proximity lens (OMD)and captured in a normal-conducting RF accelerator • The positrons are injected into the positron damping ring to be used for collisions on the next machine pulse Marc Ross, Fermilab

16. RDR Positron Source Layout • R & D Priorities – • Undulator (UK – RAL, Cornell – Mikailichenko) • Target (KEK, BINP – Logachev) • Optical Matching Device (OMD)- replacement for ‘Flux Concentrator’ • Liquid Lithium Lens (KEK, BINP – Logachev) • Capture RF – normal conducting accelerator (Paramonov –INR, SLAC)

17. Linear Collider – Positron Source <= Li Out Li In => Lithium Lens with feeding cables. (Courtesy of Yu. Shatunov, BINP) Lithium Lens CAD model section view. (Courtesy of Alexander Mikhailichenko, Cornell) Marc Ross, Fermilab

18. BINP – Positron System R & D • Liquid Lead target development for KEK-B • (years of operational experience at BINP) • Initial activity for SLAC - NLC • Alternate to baseline rotating target (also tested at BINP) • To be installed at KEK-B Linac 2009 • Boron Nitride window / brazing tests underway • Used in liquid target • Also applicable to Lithium Lens applications • Liquid Lithium Lens • ~ factor 2 improved capture compared to pulsed electromagnet • design study in 2009 – support from BINP and KEK • High pressure Li is main issue Marc Ross, Fermilab

19. Positron source: First Ever Full Length Undulator Cryomodule Ln2 precooling Constructed by Rutherford Appleton Lab. First cooldown of complete system early Sept 08. Vac vessel closed Vertical magnet tests successful – design field exceeded in both 1.75m undulators But, vacuum leak when cold – now being repaired – should be complete by Jan 09 KEK ATF Beam Test planning Marc Ross, Fermilab

20. Critical R & D – Accelerator Systems – Damping Ring • Damping Ring Design • Two 6 km circumference 5GeV damping rings (e+ / e-) • Each pulse inject ~ 3000 bunches and ‘damp’ to very low emittance in 200 ms • Bunch spacing 6 ns • Extract one – by – one with very fast pulse magnet kicker a bunch every 300 ns • Component testing with beam at test facilities: • Cornell (CESR TA) • Dafne (Frascati) • ATF (KEK) Marc Ross, Fermilab

21. Damping Rings Critical R&D • Electron cloud. • Goal is to demonstrate effective mitigation methods. • Studies are in progress at CesrTA, DANE, KEKB. • Fast injection/extraction kickers. • Goal is to demonstrate fast, high-power pulsers meeting ILC damping rings specifications. • Studies are in progress at ATF, DANE, SLAC. • Low-emittance tuning. • Goal is to demonstrate reliable operation with 2 pm vertical emittance. • Typical beam size ~ few microns • Swiss Light Source has recently achieved 3 pm. • Studies are in progress at ATF and CesrTA. Marc Ross, Fermilab 21

22. Electron Cloud Studies in CesrTA Installation of wigglers in former location of CLEO (above). Retarding field analyzers in wiggler vacuum chambers, and first data (right). Marc Ross, Fermilab 22

23. Fast Kicker R&D Proposed for smaller 3 km circumference damping rings • The goal is to develop and demonstrate a high-reliability fast kicker that meets the ILC specifications for damping ring injection and extraction. • R&D program includes activities at SLAC, INFN/LNF and KEK. Drift Step Recovery Diodes  • Anatoly Krasnykh, SLAC and • A. Kardo-Sysoev, Ioffe Institute of Physics (RAS) Damping Rings Summary, ILC08 Global Design Effort Global Design Effort 23

24. Fast Injection/Extraction Kickers: SLAC 1 ns / division Researchers at SLAC are investigating two possible technologies: MOSFET array, and DSRD fast switch. Both technologies provide attractive characteristics. A hybrid pulser may be the best solution. Damping Rings Summary, ILC08 Global Design Effort Global Design Effort 24

25. Critical R & D – Accelerator Systems – Beam Delivery • Beam Delivery (BDS) Design – • BDS delivers the beam from the high power linac to the users detector • The BDS provides high power collimation and precision focusing of the beams • There will be two detectors arranged to they can be ‘exchanged’ using a ‘push-pull’ mechanism • Critical BDS components ‘live’ within the detector • BDS relies on precision instrumentation systems and optics correction algorithms • Collimation of high density, high power beams is a key technology • Beam testing is required: ATF2 at KEK Marc Ross, Fermilab

26. Beam Delivery System R & D ATF2 constructed, hardware mostly commissioned Next: beam commissioning Developing long-terms plans for AFT2 SC FD squeezed beta* tests, etc IR integration (MDI) have a new version of “IR Interface Document” the document is focused on functional requirements MDI and DDI (Detector-Detector Interface) Also a lot of progress on detailed Detector and MDI design Andrei Seryi, SLAC, BDS Group Leader Marc Ross, Fermilab 26

27. Travelling focus Travelling focus idea proposed by Vladimir Balakin at the "Beam-Beam and Beam-Radiation Interactions, High Intensity and Nonlinear Effects", the 7th ICFA Workshop on Beam Dynamics, UCLA, USA, 13-16 May 1991, and also at the Linear Collider Workshop LC91, Protvino, 1991 Marc Ross, Fermilab

28. International Linear Collider R & D • Reference Design – a global effort • Critical R & D for Accelerator systems (non SRF) • Critical R & D for Main Linac Technology • Project Preparation • Conclusion Marc Ross, Fermilab

29. Critical R & D – Main Linac Technology • Main Linac Design • Each pulse a ~3 MHz bunch ‘train’ of e- and e+ is accelerated from 5 to 250 GeV using two 11 km linacs • Each linac has ~ 8000 9 cell superconducting standing wave RF cavities operating at 1.3 GHz • Gradient: 31.5 MV/m • RF Power for each linac is provided through rectangular waveguide from ~ 300 10 MW peak power ‘multi-beam’ klystrons • The main linac is a ‘cost driver’ – R & D is underway to: • Improve gradient performance • Produce and transport high power RF more efficiently • Test components and systems in each region • EU-XFEL (17 GeV) uses almost identical technology Marc Ross, Fermilab

30. Superconducting Cavity R&D Niobium Sheet metal cavity Fabrication: Forming and welding (EBW) Surface Process: Chemical etching and polishing Cleaning Inspection/Tests: Optical Inspection (warm) Thermometry (cold) ILC Global Design Effort 30

31. Combined Yield of Jlab and DESY Tests 48 Tests, 19 cavities ACCEL, AES, Zanon, Ichiro, Jlab 23 tests, 11 cavities One Vendor 50% Yield 45 % at 35 MV/m being achieved by cavities with a qualified vendor !! Marc Ross, Fermilab 31

32. Klystron RF Power Source • S. Kazakov, A. Larionov, V. Teriaev, BINP, Branch of Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia, et. al • Russian Design team; fabricated in Japan • Most successful 10 MW multi-beam klystron  BASELINE Marc Ross, Fermilab

33. Cost Reduced RF Concepts Basis: 2 tunnels Surface Klystron Cluster (Adolphsen, Nantista, SLAC; Kazakov, KEK) Both options aimed at single-tunnel solutions Also: Distributed RF Source Concept (Fukuda, KEK; Kazakov, KEK)

34. Civil Engineering • 30% of the estimated cost • Three sample sites studied – Japan, CERN, Illinois • Quite similar configurations; deep rock dual tunnel • JINR suggested a 4th sample site near Dubna • Studied ~ 20 years ago • This site has several contrasting features that provide a comparison basis • Single tunnel with near surface building • Soft tunneling material • (Shirkov, Trubnikov, Delov – JINR / GSPI) • Siting process is political – but it is useful to have studied and reported sample sites • See presentation by G. Shirkov, JINR Marc Ross, Fermilab

35. Deep & Shallow Site Configurations 35

36. International Linear Collider R & D • Reference Design – a global effort • Critical R & D for Accelerator systems (non SRF) • Critical R & D for Main Linac Technology • Project Preparation • Collaboration with CERN • Making the transition from broad-based R & D to a practical Project • Conclusion Marc Ross, Fermilab

37. Collaboration with CLIC / CERN • Formulated (Barish/Aymar) 11.2007 • Established in 02.2008; initially 5 working groups • ‘Exclusive’ strategy: • pick and choose efforts with strong commonality; optimize use of resources • startup philosophy: choose tasks more likely to succeed • Promoting communication / links between the two groups • will facilitate discussion and consensus building between teams • improving the credibility of both • Common costing methodology / basis is a collaboration priority Marc Ross, Fermilab

38. ILC R & D Resources • (summarized in R & D Plan; published 2008.06) • 2007-2010  4 years Marc Ross, Fermilab

39. International Linear Collider R & D • Reference Design – a global effort • Critical R & D for Accelerator systems (non SRF) • Critical R & D for Main Linac Technology • Project Preparation • Conclusion Marc Ross, Fermilab

40. Conclusion • ILC Global Design Effort has 3 goals: • Developing the community • Doing R & D • Designing the ILC and preparing a practical Project • Until end 2012 • ILC GDE is launching the first *truly global large scale international science project* • Based roughly equally in each of three regions: Americas, Europe and Asia • Russian contributions to ILC were (and are) vital and span the entire complex • We invite and strongly encourage your continued and increased participation! Marc Ross, Fermilab