*What does the snake represent? *What does the rabbit represent?

1. *What does the snake represent? *What does the rabbit represent? *What is the snake going to do to the rabbit? *Why?

2. The Futile Search for Stability Chapter 17 Section 1

3. Objective • Explain how peace was temporary after WWI • League of Nations • Inflation in Germany • Failed attempts for peace

4. Problem with Peace: League of Nations • Wilson knew problems would arise • hoped League of Nations would help settle problems • Problem with the plan • US did not join • to avoid involvement in European affairs • Germany did not join • No real power

6. French Demands Treaty called for Reparations • Determined Germany owes 132 billion German marks • $33 billion US • First payment was in 1921 • 2nd payment never came • Germany could not pay more • France is furious • Occupied Ruhr Valley • Germany’s industrial and mining center • collect by taking profits

7. Inflation in Germany • Government adopted policy of passive resistance • Workers went on strike • Government prints more money to pay workers • Caused inflation – a rapid increase in prices • Mark becomes worthless • 1914: 4.2 marks = $1 • 1923: 130 billion marks = $1 • Intensified: 4.2 TRILLION marks = $1

8. German Inflation

9. Solution: Dawes Plan • France and Germany want solution to the disaster • In 8/1924 Dawes Plan is introduced 1. Reduced reparations 2. Coordinated Germany’s ability to pay with payments 3. US Granted $200 million loan for Germany recovery • American investment begins in Europe • Alleviated problems for 5 years, until WHEN?

10. Dawes Plan Flow Chart What would happen if one of the parts “fell” out of the flow?

11. Kellogg-Briand Pact • Originally between France & the United states • American Sec of State Kellogg • Foreign minister Briand • 63 nations signed • Pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy” • no consequences if they broke pact

12. Describe how Europe was affected by WWI & the Treaty of Versailles • Right at the end: People were happy/hopeful • Generation was traumatized by the warfare/trenches • Wilson’s hope / League of Nations • Treaty of Versailles – Germans were in dismay • Austria-Hungarian Empire is destroyed • New nations were created • Czech, Poland, Yugoslavia • League of Nations meets’ • US, Russia & Germany don’t attend • Germany almost completely disarmed • Other countries fail to comply with disarmament • Self-determination • Plebiscites (elections) are held • Refugees • from land changing hands • Germany angered • Land taken • Reparations • Inflation • unemployment • no pity from France/GB • Anti-War ~ Literature & movies

13. Answers to Video Questions • What promises were made by Hitler? • Condemned Treaty of Versailles – promised honor and power, to remove treaty • Promised work & bread for all, eliminate unemployment • Mussolini? • A new Roman Empire (increased power and pride) • What were the problems with the League of Nations? • Failed to stop invasion of Ethiopia or Manchuria • US still not a member, Hitler takes Germany out • What were the feelings in the US? • Isolationism - no more war, no participation in foreign wars • Britain? • Fear war is inevitable (Winston Churchill’s opinion) • Demand peace, pacifist movements • What was the reaction of France & GB when Hitler annexed Austria? • They do nothing

14. The Great Depression • Depression: A period characterized by low economic activity (production & spending) and rising unemployment

16. Global Depression: What is happening? • The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. • Productivity down, industry hit hard (especially in cities) • Unemployment in the United States rose to 25%, some countries rose as high as 33%. • Massive inflation – rise in prices • Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60 percent • Trade declined

17. 1st Factor downturns in economies of individual nations 2nd Factor U.S. Stock Market Crash European stability was due to US bank loans to Germany (see Dawes) US stopped investing in Europe & other areas Caused depression around the world Causes of the Great Depression

18. First response to the Depression • Governments did not know how to react • Lowered wages • Decreased production • Governments didn’t want to spend too much $ • Decreased trade • What were they trying to do? • Made the depression worse. Why?

19. Government Responses - Dictatorships (Germany, Italy, Japan & Central America) • military dictators promised: • Order • Relief • How? • complete control

20. Welfare Capitalism Responses (Canada, GB, France & US) • Democratic Governments promised: • Order • Relief • How? • Government assumed responsibility not control • Policies of Keynes – increase gov’t spending to get the economy going • Provided security against bankruptcy & unemployment

21. Keynes: A little more detail • John Maynard Keynes - British economist • depressions: • Government must step in – increase spending • Unemployment came from • decline in demand/spending • Demand/spending can be increased • Put money back into the system • If necessary: • governments may have to go into deficit spending – spend more than is earned

22. Tying the Depression to Totalitarianism • Political effects of the Great Depression • Government has a greater role • Extremist political parties appear • Why would people accept extremist rulers? • Promised a better life, equality • Simple solutions in exchange for power • Promise greatness • Why would these leaders go to war? • Likely seek more power by conquering other nations

23. Rise of DictatorsChapter 17 Section 2 Totalitarianism

24. Objectives • Explain why many countries had adopted totalitarian dictatorial regimes   • Why did people accept it? • Explain how those regimes aimed to control their citizens for state goals.

25. Background to Totalitarianism • Current State in Europe - 1939 • France and Great Britain were democratic • Germany, Russia and Italy turned to totalitarian dictators • Other countries like Austria and Greece had old-fashioned dictators, the kind that wanted people to obey, but didn’t control everything

26. Definition of Totalitarianism • Form of government in which all of society’s resources are monopolized by the state in an effort to control all aspects of public and private life through the use of propaganda, terror and technology.

27. Totalitarian State: Characteristics • Demand conformity • control citizens • use propaganda techniques • use secret police • Had single leader and single party • Glorifies the state above the individual • Individual was subordinate to the collective will • No individual freedoms

28. Types of Totalitarianism Right-Wing Left-Wing Communist Mao Tsetung Stalin Working class seeking equality Eliminate the classes Eliminate private property Appeals to the workers Usually a revolution • Nazi / Fascist • Hitler • Mussolini • Middle Class seeking to maintain power • Keep the class system • Keep private property • Appeals to the elite class

29. Benito Mussolini - Il DuceThe 1st Fascist Comes to power during a time of strikes, protests and general chaos. He promises to bring order and prosperity to Italy. Creates a pathway for Hitler

30. Ideas emphasized by this early Fascist regime • Emphasized Totalitarianism • Subordination of the individual to the state • Control all aspects of society • Even if violence is necessary • Emphasized Nationalism • We are the best, we deserve to rule • Need for a strong leader • Your old government is not working • I can help you … Give me power

32. Hitler and Nazi Germany

33. Objectives • Examine Hitler and his beliefs • Explain how they appealed to the German nation • Describe the rise of Hitler • Understand Hitler’s goal for Germany • Explain how he tries to achieve this goal

34. “We must develop organizations in which an individual’s entire life can take place. …every activity and every need of every individual will be regulated by the collectivity represented by the party…there is no free will…the time of personal happiness is over” - Hitler

35. Some main points from Homework: Hitler and Nazi Germany • His ideas (#2) • anti-Semitism – hostility towards Jews (vocab) • Anti-Communism • Extreme nationalist • Social Darwinist – Aryans (Germans) are the best so they deserve to rule the world • His Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party) • Right – wing, extremist, nationalistic • Storm Troops militia to impose their will (vocab)

36. Beer Hall Putsch • By 1921 Hitler had taken control of the Nazi Party • Membership up to 55,000 • Hitler planned an uprising • the Beer Hall Putsch (coup) • Munich in 1923 • Hitler’s uprising was crushed • Hitler was arrested for high treason

37. Mein Kampf Written in prison Mein Kampf translates to “My Struggle” In prison Content • Nationalism & anti-Semitism • Links with Social Darwinism • Emphasized right of superior nations to lebensraum (“living space”) through expansion • Also justifies “superior individuals” having complete control over the masses

38. The Rise of the Party • Hitler gains power • Legal means, not violence • Followed the rules of the Weimar Republic • Nazi party must have enough votes to gain control • Attracts voters with nationalism, attack on the failures of the "Weimar system”, plans for future success • By 1931, it was the largest party in Reichstag, so Hitler became chancellor (title similar to “president”)

39. The Nazis Take Control • “Enabling Act passed by Reichstag • gave government power to ignore the constitution for 4 years • No longer needed President Hindenburg or Reichstag to pass laws • Within 7 months totalitarian state was established • Demand conformity • concentration camps for any opposition • Had single leader (Hitler) and single party (Nazi – all other parties outlawed) • Glorifies the state above the individual • all institutions under state control

40. The Nazi State • Goal: • Wanted the development of the Aryan race to dominate Europe • create an empire like Rome • The Third Reich

41. Reasons for Success • Economic difficulties • Unemployment has risen • 4.4 million to 5.5 million in 1 year • Hitler promised a new Germany • Appealed to nationalism • They saw him as a savior • Improved the economy • Employed people through militarization and public works projects • Took credit for drop in unemployment

42. Use of Terror • Heinrich Himmler • Controlled the SS (elite police) AND regular police forces • Used to maintain order, especially implementing anti-Semetic policies • Earliest concentration camps were for those who opposed Hitler • Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) • Attack on Jewish synagogues and businesses (7,000) • Jews forced to clean up the damage • November 9, 1938 • Jews urged to emigrate

43. Kristallnacht

44. A New Era in the USSR: Stalin

45. Objectives • Describe the divide in leadership after Lenin’s death • Explain Stalin’s rule in the Soviet Union • Describe the affects of his rule on the people

46. “Down with Lenin and horseflesh.Bring back the czar and pork.” During the Civil War Peasants retaliated by hoarding their food Drought followed famine End result Peasants blame Lenin • Lenin followed war communism • Government controlled most industries

47. Lenin’s New Economic Policy • To save Russia • forgets war communism • focuses on NEP • NEP: was a modified version of the capitalistic system • Peasants could sell food themselves • some small privately owned and operated stores • Large industry & banking remained government owned • Meant to be temporary

48. USSR is Formed • Lenin and Communists formally create USSR • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) • By this time: Things were better • Revived market • production rose • No more famine • Credit given to NEP for saving the USSR • Lenin dies leaving no clear heir

49. Trotsky was in charge of the military Stalin was party secretary  Appointed party officials Thousands of officials he appointed supported him Gained complete control of the Communist Party Trotsky and Stalin have problems Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky struggle for control when Lenin dies in 1924

50. Stalin wins the power struggle and Trotsky is exiled and later murdered Most believe that his rival Stalin had him murdered