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Chapter 11:

Chapter 11:. Adolescence: Physical & Cognitive Development. Adolescence:. Except for ___________, more changes occur during adolescence than at any other time of life.

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Chapter 11:

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  1. Chapter 11: Adolescence: Physical & Cognitive Development

  2. Adolescence: • Except for ___________, more changes occur during adolescence than at any other time of life. • Contemporary theorists see adolescence as a time when biological, cognitive, social/emotional functioning are reorganized. (and adolescents have to adapt to these changes!)

  3. What is Puberty? • A stage of development characterized by: • Physical changes which mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood • The onset of adolescent coincides with the advent of puberty (Meaning: )

  4. Know: • -

  5. Primary & Secondary Sex Characteristics • Their development is triggered by sex hormones: 1. Primary sex characteristics: (make reproduction possible) 2. Secondary sex characteristics: (indicate sexual maturation but are not involved in reproduction)

  6. What Happens During the Adolescent Growth Spurt? • The stable growth patterns of middle childhood end abruptly during adolescence. • First: • A spurt in:

  7. Adolescent Growth Spurt, cont. • Height: Boys: Girls: • Adolescents tend to look thin because of the lag in weight gain compared to height. • Adolescents eat an enormous amount of food to fuel this growth.

  8. Why do Adolescents Often Look Awkward and Gawky? • Because different parts of the body grow at different rates, called Asynchronous Growth: → →

  9. Why Do Adolescents seem to be Getting Taller & Maturing Earlier? • Because they are! • This is called the Secular Trend, and is present in nearly all European countries and in the United States. • What two factors appear to play a role in this trend? A. B.

  10. Pubertal Changes in Boys: • About 11-12: • 1 year later: • Soon thereafter: • By 15: • 14-15: • Testosterone also causes:

  11. Pubertal Changes in Boys, cont. • By 13-14: • 14-15: • 20-21:

  12. Pubertal Changes in Girls: • 9-10: • Estrogen triggers growth of: • Beginning at 11:

  13. Pubertal Changes in Girls, cont. • Estrogen causes growth of the: • Androgens cause the development of the: • Menarche (first menstruation) usually occurs between 11-14, + or – 2 years • Menarche occurs much earlier in girls for the past 150 years

  14. What Accounts for the Earlier Age of Menarche? • Girls must reach a certain body weight to trigger pubertal changes such as menarche, called: • Menarche comes later to girls who have a low percentage of body fat (those with eating disorders/athletes) • Average body weight which triggers menarche depends on the girl’s height

  15. Question: • Do girls ovulate when they start their first period?

  16. Early VS Late Maturers:

  17. Early VS Late Maturers:

  18. Body Image: • Adolescents are concerned about their physical appearance. • More satisfied toward the end of adolescence Females: Males:

  19. What are the Cognitive Changes During Adolescence? • They have reached Piaget’s formal operational stage • Remember, this is his highest stage (age 11-12 and beyond) • Adolescents have reached “cognitive maturity” according to Piaget

  20. During the Formal Operational Stage the Adolescent Can: • - • - • - • - • -

  21. Know!: • -

  22. Formal Operational Thinking is Characterized by 3 Cognitive Processes: ⇒Hypothetical Thinking ⇒ Sophisticated use of Symbols ⇒ Deductive Reasoning

  23. 1. Hypothetical Reasoning: • Adolescents develop concept of “what might be” rather than “what is” • Adolescents try on different clothing as well as different attitudes • Realize that situations can have different outcomes

  24. 2. Sophisticated Use of Symbols: • Understand X-the unknown (as used in algebra and geometry) • Can perform mental operations with symbols (ex. PEMDAS, and math/physics/ algebra, and skills for engineering, architecture) • Can understand, appreciate, and sometimes produce metaphors

  25. 3. Deductive Reasoning: • Judge right and wrong in specific situations by reasoning deductively from moral principals • Decentration allows the adolescent to focus on many aspects of a situation at once to arrive at a moral judgment or to solve a moral dilemma.

  26. What is Adolescent Egocentrism & How is it Shown in Adolescence? • They can comprehend the ideas of other people; But have difficulty sorting out things that concern other people from things that concern oneself. Exhibited 2 ways: 1. 2.

  27. 1. Imaginary Audience: • Belief that others around us are as concerned with our appearance and behaviors as we are • Linked to:

  28. 2. Personal Fable: • Belief that our feelings and ideas are special and unique & we are invulnerable. (Ex. “no one can ever feel what I am understand what I am feeling” • Associated with: • Associated with:

  29. Question: • -

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