Life in the New State

1. Life in the New State

2. Antebellum North Carolina • Industrial Revolution creates booming economies • The Indian Removal Act forces Eastern Indian Nations to leave their homelands • Slavery divides Northern and Southern states

3. The Second Great Awakening • 1801 • Religious movement spreads • EVANGELICAL IDEAS • Preachers with emotion • Tensions between people focused on government (world) and people of faith

5. Religion and Democracy • Evangelicals: forget past, start fresh • Individual effort and responsibility • Worth not based on society or $$$ • In NC, church center of community • Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian dominate NC

6. The Question of Slavery • Christianity spreads to slaves (converted) • If equal in God’s eyes should they be equal in society too? • Bible • Religion allows people to relate to history and others • Northern states: Antislavery movement (ABOLITIONISM) • Slavery would tear the nation apart

7. Prosperity in the East • Early 1800’s: economic and political power held by merchants/planters in east NC • U.S. population growing rapidly • Farming improved by technology • Eli Whitney patented the COTTON GIN (separated cotton from seeds quickly) • Cotton more profitable (farmed more) • More slaves needed to plant and harvest cotton

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bns6aKfrIjA

9. Bright Leaf Tobacco • New kind of tobacco planted • Became major crop with high demand • Northeast NC known as “bright tobacco belt” • NC tobacco production tripled in 10 years

10. A Life Enslaved • 1830: 1/3 of state’s population were slaves • Some eastern counties, more slaves than free persons • Slaves: many skills, few legal rights • Owners could whip, abuse, kill slaves • Slaves: own culture with blend of African + American traditions • Earned privileges in return for good work ($, goods, even freedom)

11. Out After Dark • Slaves often visited family/friends on other farms • Married slaves often lived on other farms • Jeff Ellick lived 10 miles away from wife and children • Must carry passes from masters (ID) • “pattie rollers” enforced ID’s • Mad chase if slave had no ID

12. Sold Away • Little control over their own fate • Family members sold off • Tears families apart

13. Free Blacks • NC had small group of free blacks • Lived in Eastern towns • Free for generations, paid for freedom, owners gave them freedom • 1860 New Bern: 700 free blacks (10% of pop.)

15. War of 1812 • Tensions between U.S. and Britain • Britain and France at War (Napoleon) • British seize U.S. ships and supplies • Forced sailors to work on British ships (IMPRESSMENT) • Some members of Congress call for war (warhawks) • Canada apart of United States?

16. War of 1812 • President James Madison declares war • British-Indian alliance defeats American troops in Canada • British blockade • British invade Washington D.C. and burn White House • Andrew Jackson (General) • Won battles at Horseshoe Bend (AL) and New Orleans

17. Peace • December 1814: Treaty signed on Christmas Eve • Effects: Indians forced to give up land • U.S. given a morale boost- stood up to British empire, patriotic feelings lead to united nation

18. NC in the War • Fought mostly on coast • Chesapeake Bay (VA) blockaded • Goods exported through NC • Shallow rivers, dangerous coastline • British raid coastal towns for supplies • 1813: British invade Portsmouth and Ocracoke Island • Militia head to towns and British retreat

19. North Carolinians in the War • Otway Burns (privateer) • Permission from U.S. government to capture British merchant ships • Capture millions of dollars worth of goods

20. Johnston Blakely • Naval captain • The Wasp captured ships in the Atlantic and English Channel • Wasp vanished (sank, disappeared?)

21. Andrew Jackson and Junaluska (Cherokee) • Cherokees ally of U.S. • Fought at Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Lake Junaluska in Haywood County named after him

22. Dolly Madison • Wife of President Madison • Born in Guilford County • When British invaded D.C. Dolly Madison stayed at the White House • Rescued papers and other valuables • Got out just before British got to White House • Heroine of the war

23. Star Spangled Banner • U.S. national anthem in 1931 • September of 1812 • Francis Scott Key watched British ships bombard Fort McHenry in the Chesapeake Bay • Saw flag still flying over fort

24. Struggles in the West • Piedmont and Western regions • Small scale farms(owned/rented few dozen acres) • Few luxuries and little contact outside of town • Self-sufficient • Farming, church, relatives • Some never left their county before they died

25. Waking Up the State • Some farmers wanted more $$$, more things, higher standard of living • Better transportation needed • Major problem in new settlement areas • Hilly/mountainous, few roads • NC does not help with new roads

26. East NC has the Power • East holds most of the states power • Legislature based on # of counties • More people lived in Piedmont and the west, • East used power to make more counties in east • East: wealthy farmers, well educated (private tutors/schools) • Crops sent through organized system of trade

27. Rip Van Winkle State • NC had low taxes and small government • NC called the Rip Van Winkle State (slept for 20 years) • Stagnant western economy • Lack of investment, education, help • Decline socially and economically

28. Ambitious Reforms • 1815: Archibald Debow Murphey (young Senator) pushes for change • New roads + waterways • Public education: schools in every county • Small fee to those who could pay, free for the rest • Plan fell on deaf ears • Rest of U.S. moved forward NC lagged behind

29. Reformers Push Harder • 1830’s: NC starts to lose pop. And people want change • People move to Tennessee and beyond • 1824: Andrew Jackson wins popular vote but lost Electoral College (people felt denied rights) • 1828: Andrew Jackson elected President • Supported “common man”, farmer • Started Democratic Party: inspired ordinary people to push for political rights

30. A New Constitution • 1835: Governor Swain pushes for new constitution • Spread power throughout the state • Constitution of 1835 gives western counties more seats in legislature • Did not have to own land to vote • Voters choose the Governor • Catholics could hold state office • New energy in state • New political party= The Whigs (popular in west NC) • NC invests in roads, railroads, schools

31. Party Watch

32. More Improvements • 1840’s Plank roads • Railroads • 1st U.S. steam-powered railroads in 1830’s • Wilmington to Weldon; Raleigh to Gaston • Connected with railroads in VA • Dominant form of transport of people and goods

33. Piedmont • Produce more goods and better soil to farm • Business, factories grow

34. Public Schools • Common schools given $$ from state • Colleges + universities spread

35. NC GOLD RUSH!!! • 1824-1850’s: Gold major industry in NC • 1st found in 1700’s, 1st ever found in U.S. • 1824: Rowan County • Companies hire European immigrants to dig mines • U.S. Mint built in Charlotte (make national coins) • 1850’s Gold rush comes to an end • 1849: California gold rush leads people west • Look beyond farming for economic ideas

36. Westward Expansion • Nation expands • Louisiana Purchase by Thomas Jefferson (1850 most of modern day U.S. acquired) • Land gained through war and diplomacy • War of 1812: Gain parts of Alabama + Mississippi • 1817-1824: Florida and part of Oregon from Spanish and British • 1830: Indian Removal Act: moved Indians off their southern land

38. Indian Removal Act in NC • 1830: most Indians did not live on tribal lands • Considered “free persons of color” • Cherokee lived on their traditional land

39. The Indian Removal Act • Southern Indians in 5 major groups: Creeks (Alabama), Seminoles (Florida), Choctaws + Chicasaws (Mississippi) and Cherokee (Georgia, NC, Tennessee) • Move Indians to Oklahoma by President Jackson • Persuaded or bribed leaders • Troops move Indians • Seminoles fought so hard U.S. left them alone (the longest war in U.S. history)

40. North Carolina Cherokee Fight to Stay • Cherokee in NC hide (led by Yonaguska) • NC didn’t care if Cherokee left but in Georgia they did • Sue U.S. government, 1,000 Cherokee win the right to stay in the state • Lived outside tribal lands, bought land on their own

41. The Trail of Tears • National tragedy • 1838: 17,000 Cherokees and 2,000 slaves headed to Oklahoma from AL, TN, NC, GA • Journey took several months • Walked every bit of the way • 7,000 troops to guard them • Did not enough provide food, shelter, medical care • 4,000 die on the way

43. Manifest Destiny • People felt they were apart of a special nation • Mandate from God to spread across the continent, from sea to shining sea • President James Polk • Texas separates from Mexico, becomes of Republic of Texas, then becomes part of U.S. • Polk sent troops to protect U.S.-Mexico border • Soldiers clash Mexican-American War starts

45. Mexican-American War • U.S. troops invade Mexico • Capture Mexico City • Mexico gives up all northern territories from Texas to California • Many generals from the Civil War gain experience in the war

46. Sectional Tensions Increase • Western expansion gives settlers new opportunities • Tension between north and south • 1820’s: all northern states abolish slavery • Congress not sure if new territories should have slavery or not

47. Abolition • Abolitionists= people who fought to end slavery • Many were southerners ex. Levi Coffin • Coffin: Quaker from Guilford County • Helped hundreds of slaves escape • UNDERGROUND RAILROAD: network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape • Published autobiographies of many former slaves: Frederick Douglas, Harriet Jacobs

48. Unrest in North Carolina • Slaves talk more and more on freedom • David Walker (free black man) spreads anti-slavery ideasacross the south • Pamphlets, speeches, news articles

50. Fear of Slave Revolt • NC slave owners feared slave revolt • 1802, 21 Slaves were hanged for plotting revolt • Charleston, SC: white residents found out about well-organized plot to take over city • Group of escaped slaves raided towns in late 1820’s in NC • Harsh penalties for those who help slaves (read and write)—”source of great evil”