Africa – Economics and Government

1. Africa – Economics and Government Mr. Napier and Mr. Newhall

2. Geography Review • Nigeria • Ghana • Kenya • South Africa • Egypt • Southern Sudan • Congo • Ethiopia • Sudan • Somalia

3. Sub-Saharan Africa Standards • Describe the location of major features and their impact. • Describe the major climates of Africa and how these have impacted development. • Describe the pattern of population distribution in the countries in relation to urbanization and modernization. • Explain how Sub-Saharan Africa’s physical features have had an impact on the distribution of population. • Analyze how the migration of people such as the bantu and Zulu has had an impact on the economic, cultural and political aspects of Sub-Saharan Africa.

4. GPS – Economic Standards • Compare how traditional, command and market economies answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce (2) how to produce, and (3) for whom to produce. • Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. • Compare and contrast the economic systems in South Africa and Nigeria.

5. Economic Systems • Market - decisions based on prices and supply and demand. • Command – government makes the decisions. • Mixed – combination of market and command. • Traditional – Barter and roles determined by parents. • What nations have economies closest to command? • In a market economy, what happens when prices go up? • List three roles the government plays in the U.S. economy. • What is an advantage of a command economy?

6. Economic Continuum South Africa Hong Kong U.S. Command Kenya Market | | | | | | • • Zimbabwe Nigeria More freedom More control

7. GPS Standards • Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal. • Explain how governments determine citizen participation: autocratic, oligarchic and democratic. • Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments: parliamentary and presidential.

8. Democratic Governments • Parliamentary • Prime Minister • Legislature elects executive • No separation of powers • U.K., Australia, Israel • Parliament • Presidential • President/Congress • Legislature is separate branch. • President elected by people. • Separation of powers • United States, South Africa

9. Governments • Unitary – central government makes all decisions. • Federal - compromise between local and national governments. • Confederation – central government is weak. Local governments most important. • Autocracy – one ruler • Oligarchy – small group rules • Democracy – people own government and vote. • Dictatorship – one ruler takes power. • Monarchy – rule passed down in family. • Theocracy – rule by religious group

10. Warm Up – Work in Pairs • Why are most countries “mixed” economic systems? • What are the advantages to a market economy? • Why are not more nations “command” economies? • How does a parliamentary system of government differ from a presidential system? • What is the “best” economic system? Why?

11. Governments • The compromise between unitary and confederation? • The executive in a parliamentary government? • Rule by a small group of people? • When local governments have more power? • Having one ruler? • When son or daughter follows a parent as ruler? • Elects executive in presidential system? • “We the people…” • One person takes over government? • No local governments? Federal Prime Minister Oligarchy Confederation Autocracy Monarchy People Democracy Dictatorship Unitary

12. Foreign Trade ReviewExplain how specialization encourages trade between countries. Compare and contrast different types of trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and embargos Trade Barriers • Tariff • tax on imports • Quota • limit number of imports • Embargo • no trade with a nation • OPEC • Specialization – products a country makes best and at the lowest cost. • Specialization allows a country to trade for products it can not produce. • Example – Nigeria produces oil and trades with U.S. for technology.

13. Currency Exchange • Every country has a unique currency. • Each currency has a different value. • To trade or travel, currency must be exchanged. • South Africa – Rand worth $0.12 in Dollars. • Nigeria – Naira worth $0.006 in Dollars. (150 for each dollar)

14. Assessment – I Respond • What type of government has one ruler? A. Democracy B. Autocracy C. Market D. Oligarchy • What type of economy has the most freedom? A. Democracy B. Command C. Dictatorship D. Market • Which of the following is NOT a trade barrier? A. Embargo B. Quota C. Market D. Tariff • The leader of a parliamentary government is called a A. Prime minister B. President C. Dictator D. Senator • Most economic systems are A. Command B. Mixed C. Oligarchy D. Market • Punishing another country by not allowing trade with them is called? A. Tariff B. Embargo C. Quota • What is the term for when the people own the government and vote? A. Democracy B. Market C. Monarchy D. Parliament • A government with a weak national government is called? A. Democracy B. Unitary C. Confederation D. Currency • What is a government by a small group of people? A. Democracy B. Oligarchy C. Autocracy D. Market • What is the name for a religious group ruling a country? A. Command B. Market C. Theocracy D. Tariff

15. Type of economy - Mixed • South Africa • Technologically advanced • More economic freedom • Strong, advanced economy like those in Europe • High standard of living but whites are much better off in South Africa • Nigeria • Poorly organized • Corruption • More government control • Major oil industry • Civil Wars • Many ethnic groups

16. Goods Produced • South Africa • Mining – platinum, diamonds, gold • Automobile assembly • Machinery • Textiles • Iron and steel • Chemicals • Fertilizer • Oil - OPEC • Petrochemicals • Must import food

17. Comparing Economic Systems of South Africa and Nigeria • South Africa and Nigeria • Both are mixed economies • Both have poverty • Both have natural resources • Both have many people • Nigeria population is 167,000,000 • South Africa’s population is 50,000,000 people – about 40,000,000 are black. Less than 10% are white.

18. Economic Continuum South Africa Hong Kong U.S. Command Kenya Market | | | | | | • • Zimbabwe Nigeria More freedom More control Zimbabwe 26 Nigeria 57 Kenya 58 South Africa 63 United States 76 http://www.heritage.org/index

19. Thinking About Nigeria and South AfricaGraded Assignment • If Nigeria has so much oil, why are their people so poor? • How has the history of South Africa resulted in an unequal distribution of wealth? • Why is population growth a big problem in Africa? • If 70% of Nigerians are farmers, why does Nigeria import food? • What does it mean when we say that South Africa has a European economy?

20. Economic Numbers • South Africa • GDP per person • $10,700 • Labor Force • Farming 9% • Industry 26% • Services 65% • Unemployment • 25% • Population below poverty line 50% • Nigeria • GDP per person • $2,000 • Labor Force • Farming 70% • Industry 10% • Services 20% • Unemployment • 5% • Population below poverty line 70%

21. Nigeria – Oil and Poverty • http://cnnphotos.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/putting-a-face-on-nigerias-paradise-lost/?hpt=wo_t2 • Is oil making life better in Nigeria? • What problems are being caused by oil? • Would you like to live in Nigeria?

22. Mixed Economies of Nigeria & South Africa • Complete the “Mixed Economies of Nigeria and South Africa” using the informational handouts on Nigeria and South Africa. • Read fact sheets on both countries. • Use information on fact sheets as well as your notes to complete the graphic organizers. • Assignment will be graded for completion and accuracy.

23. Governments in Africa SS7CG2: The student will explain the structures of modern governments of Africa. a. Compare the republican systems of government in the Republic of Kenya and the Republic of South Africa to the dictatorship of the Republic of Sudan, distinguishing the form of leadership, and the role of the citizen in terms of voting and personal freedoms.

24. Research Assignment • Working with your collaborative partner, students will research the following about Kenya, South Africa and Sudan. • Type of Government • Head of State • Who is able to Vote • How much Personal Freedom for Citizens • Year of Independence from Colonial Rule

25. Type of Government • Republic of Kenya - Republic with one house legislature called National Assembly • Republic of South Africa – Republic with a two house National Assembly • Republic of Sudan – A government of national unity was formed with a National legislature. The government is dominated by the National Congress Party.

26. Head of State • Kenya – President leads the Kenyan African National Union (KANU) political party. MwaiKibaki elected in 2007. (disputed) • South Africa – President elected by National Assembly. Jacob Zuma elected in 2009 (ANC) • Sudan – President and Head of State leads National Congress Party - Omar al Bashir is military dictator

27. Who can vote! Kenya – All citizens 18 years or older. South Africa – All citizens 18 years of older. Sudan – All citizens 17 years or older. Independence Date Kenya – 1963 from Great Britain South Africa – 1910 from Great Britain but majority rule started in 1994. Sudan – 1956 from Egypt and Great Britain

28. Personal Freedoms • Kenya – Freedoms are written into the Constitution. President dominates government. Citizen rights are improving. • South Africa - Personal freedoms are numerous. Literacy rates are high. Apartheid is history. • Sudan – Few freedoms unless a member of the National Congress Party. Most positions are appointed. Elections are being planned?

29. Review of Governments • Answer Kenya, South Africa or Sudan. • Most personal freedoms? • Least personal freedoms? • Citizens vote at age of 18? (2) • Two house National Assembly? • Dominated by KANU Party? • A true “republic”? • Most leaders appointed? • Became independent in 1963?