Evolution towards Smart Grids: Research and Development in Europe (Evolução rumo às redes inteligentes: pesquisa e dese

1. Evolution towards Smart Grids: Research and Development in Europe (Evolução rumo às redes inteligentes: pesquisa e desenvolvimento na Europa) P.F. Ribeiro, PhD, IEEE Fellow

2. Introductory Words The design and operation of life sustainable infrastructures such as electric energy grids can no longer ignore the increasing demands of more and sophisticated users, the scarcity of energy resources and the environmental concerns. Within this context, the concept of smart grids has surfaced and some significant technological developments are taking place. However, and due to the great complexity of such systems, which involve a number of interwoven technological systems and societal aspects, engineers and designers concentrate on the methodological side of the engineering design and pay less attention to the ontological, epistemological and ethical aspects.

3. Introductory Words The electric power grid is a crucial part of society infrastructure and needs constant attention for maintaining its performance and reliability. A power systems grid is a widespread, interconnected system and is as strong as its weakest link and/or its control operation strategies during emergency conditions. Security and energy sustainability have become major priorities to both customers and electric companies. Deployment of sustainable / renewable energy sources are crucial to a healthy relationship of society and the environment. An aggressive search of sustainable sources and a sensitive, but firm implementation of solutions is much needed. Solutions need to taken into account a sensitive balance of societal needs, environment al concerns and the economics of energy projects.

4. Introductory Words Unfolding of Meaning Technology

5. Introductory Words Reality

6. Complexities

7. Example • Arithmetic • Spatial • Kinematic • Physical Parts Parts

8. Logical / Physical • Communications • Economics Example Sub-System Sub-System

9. Concepts • Specs • Theory • Quantitative Analysis • Practical Considerations • Design Instrumentalities • Arithmetic • Spatial • Kinematic • Physical • Biotic • Sensitive • Logical • Historical • Communications • Social • Economics • Aesthetics • Juridical Example Product / System Product / System

10. Example Aspects Aspects

11. Society Society

12. Engineering Design Philosophical Questions Scientific Essence Technological Nature Market Political Juridical Ethical

13. Conn. World Care & Cure Sm. & Sust.S. OED ECO EM CS EPE MSM ES SPS EES TU/e Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Themes Society Politics Multidisciplinary Platforms Business Technologies . Multidisciplinary Research Bach. stud. R&D COBRA CWTe PCTC CSP

14. TU/e Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Energy Systems (EES) Electromechanics and Power Electronics (EPE) Design Methodology for Electronic Systems (ES) Mixed Signal Micro Electronics (MsM) Control Systems (CS) Signal Processing Systems (SPS) Electro-Optical Communications (ECO) Opto-Electronic Devices (OED) Electromagnetics (EM)

15. Electrical Energy Systems Group (EES) • Mission: • Generation of knowledge to support the supply and efficient use of electrical energy • Call for a sustainable society: • Intelligent networks and their components are needed to integrate distributed and sustainable generation • Disturbance free design (EMC) is needed to enable an all electric sustainable society • Pulsed Power Technology is needed for the efficient recycling of material flows

16. Conn. World Care & Cure Smart & Sust. Soc. Electrical Energy Systems Group (EES) People involved in education and research 12 professors 6 technical staff 23 PhDs and post-docs 4 guests More than 25 master students (EE and SET)

17. Facilities in the “Corona” building Power quality and RES laboratory • High-voltage laboratory • Pulsed power • EMC • Intelligent test methods • Further outside facilities with companies EMC laboratory PAGE 17

18. The evolution towards smart grids Market Factory Central Generation Microturbine Wind Substation Commercial Dispatchable DSM Battery Pumped Storage Fuel Cell Flowbattery Flywheel Residence Hyper car Photovoltaic Microturbine Power & Communications Link

19. Smart grids onderzoek: uitdagingen en resultaten Wat zijn relevante thema’s voor Universitair onderzoek Wat denken we daarmee te bereiken Wat zijn onze partners, wie is onze klant Waar staan we over 10 jaar

20. Roadmap for research (example EU project)

21. 2010- 2030 Research roadmap(same example EU project) TU/e EES Scope

22. Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures Handling Power Quality Issues System behavior Responce contributiom contributiom behavior behavior time / of P and Q of P and Q Intelligent Design Intelligent Design through through Short circuit Short circuit Selectivity - - Supply Supply Ride Ride Model of decentral Short circuit detection Protection generation Tuning Research on smart grids

23. Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (overview) Finished thesis work of Frans Provoost on “Intelligent Distribution Network Design” Finished thesis work of Roald de Graaff on “Flexible distribution systems through the application of multi back-to-back converters” Finished thesis work of Edward Coster on “Distribution Grid Operation Including Distributed Generation” Ongoing research of Else Veldman on “Flexible and Efficient Electricity Distribution Grids” Ongoing research of Panagiotis Karaliolios on “Short-circuit behaviour of distribution networks with high penetration level of DG” Ongoing research of Petr Kadurek on “Intelligent and Decentralized Management of Networks and Data”

24. = ≈ ≈ out in = Intelligent Node Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results) 2 1 2 1 V1 V2 Concept of an Intelligent Node(Research of Provoost theoretical, De Graaff practical) V1set V2set

25. Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results) Voltage profile at the MV busbar during and after a 100ms s/c event in HV grid (research of Coster –CHPs and Karaliolios –DG in general)

26. Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results) Daily load profiles for different combinations of residential load elements (Research of Veldman)

27. Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results) LV and MV voltages measured at smart substation. Impact of voltage control with smart transformer(Research of Kadurek)

28. Handling Power Quality Issues(overview) Finished thesis work of Sjef Cobben on “Power Quality: Implications at the Point of Connection” Finished thesis work of Cai Rong on “Flicker Interaction Studies and Flickermeter Improvement” Almost finished thesis work of Peter Heskes on “Minimizing the Impact of Resonances in Low Voltage Grids by Power Electronics based Distributed Generators” Ongoing research of Sharmistha Bhattacharyya on “Power Quality Requirements and Responsibilities at a Customer's Point of Connection in the Network” Ongoing research of VladimirĆuk on “Power Quality Modelling Techniques”

29. Unbalance Voltage level Dips Flicker Harmonic distortion 1 A 0.66 B 0.33 C 0 D -0.33 E F -1 Handling Power Quality Issues(some results) PQ classification system developed by Cobben -0.66

30. Handling Power Quality Issues(some results) PQ responsibilities sharing among different parties in the network (Research of Bhattacharyya)

31. Handling Power Quality Issues(some results) Harmonic current interaction – AC/DC converter and industrial lamps (Project of Ćuk)

32. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (overview) Finished thesis work of Phuong Nguyen on “Multi-Agent System based Active Distribution Networks” Almost finished thesis work of Jasper Frunt on “Analysis of Balancing Requirements in Future Sustainable and Reliable Power Systems” Ongoing research of Ioannis Lampropoulos on “Evaluation and assessment of local balancing resources” Ongoing research of Khalil el Bakari on “Operation and Design of Smart Grids with Virtual Power Plants” Ongoing research of Greet Vanalme a.o. on “Transition Roadmap for the Energy Infrastructure in the Netherlands” Starting research of Frits Wattjes on “Concept of an Integrated Smart Grid where both System/Network operators and market parties create value” Starting research of Ballard Asare-Bediako on “Intelligent Energy Management System at Household Level” Starting research of Helder Ferreira on “Reliability analyses on distribution networks with dispersed generation”

33. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) The use of agents for power routing and power matching (research of Nguyen)

34. Interconnections 220-380 kV Power Plants 110-150 kV TSO G G Load 10-50 kV DSO Wind farms (Offshore) CHP (Industry) Load 230-400 V Wind farms (bio-)CHP (Industry) Other renewable Controllable loads Storage devices Load Windmills (solo) micro-CHP (Households) Solar panels VPP Operators Intelligent devices Intelligent devices Intelligent devices Intelligent devices Smart meters Intelligent devices Intelligent devices Intelligent devices Operator: Virtual Power Plants (VPP) Operator: Large Scale Virtual Power Plant (LS-VPP) Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) VPPs can be operated by commercial market players as well as system operators Aggregation of DERs under the VPP concept (Research of El Bakari)

35. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) Projected load profiles for 2.45m flexible devices (of each type which means 30 % of the households having these) for 5 days Covered prediction errors between 1h-ahead and 15min-ahead forecasts of 2.5 GW wind production in assuming 30 % of active households for DSM (research of Lampropoulos)

36. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) Functional overview Smart Home Installation (research of Asare-Bediako)

37. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) Interaction Gas and Electricity Network Development (TREIN project)

38. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) TSO PX market AS market BRPm BRP1 Prosumers Prosumers Communication and interfaces in ahead energy markets (research Frunt and Lampropoulos) Bilateral contracts & capacity bids Request to reserve capacity Cleared volume and price for energy and AS per PTU … Bilateralcontracts Prices for energy and AS Bid curves for energy and AS

39. Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results) Interaction between Market and System (research of Frunt) PAGE 39

40. LAB-SETUP at ECN Mini Testgrid

41. Laboratory equipment Triphase development system Rapid prototyping of power electronics applications Controlled by pc (Matlab-Simulink) Mini test grid 20 kVA @ 50 Hz Motor / synchronous generator RLC-loads DER simulator

42. Lab equipment (converters) Mini testgrid 20kVA 40-60 Hz Triphase Development System www.triphase.com

43. Triphase Development System

44. EERA SmartGrids SP1 - Network Operation www.eera-set.eu

45. “Network  Operation” - Sub Program partners

46. Overview - Approach in EERA SG-SP1 Potential problems in the future grid Onset of grid instability Background of frequency stability Variable generation and the swing equation General characteristics of potential control measures What does literature tell us? Research field - EERA SG SP1 "Network Operation" Objective: Need for a universal "Primary" Smart Grid Control structure Main Problems Addressed  Conventional and Future Grid Control Central Grid Control State-of-the-art in Smart Grid control Local Grid Control

47. Future grid problems & their principal cause(simplified grid layout)

48. General order of instability events: • First Voltage instability • Indicates failure in power delivery • Then frequency instability (if things go really wrong) • Indicates significant power imbalance • A stable grid starts with a stable frequency Onset of grid instability

49. Objective: Need for a universal "Primary" Smart Grid Control structure • A universal and relatively simple "primary" control structure for Smart Grids is to be developed to a mature concept • Basic grid operation is guaranteed by giving the primary control structure precedence over all other algorithms  • ICT-layers for purposes like energy trading and grid asset management may be added depending on local needs

50. Main Problems Addressed • Developing and choosing effective new control structures • Grid integration of new control structures • Normal operation • Emergency situations and micro grids • Flexible control centre cycles