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Unit 1 Review. There will be multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer and essay questions. Hydrologic cycle . Also called the water cycle Sunlight heats water causing evaporation Hot water molecules rise into the atmosphere As they cool they condense to form clouds
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Unit 1 Review There will be multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer and essay questions.
Hydrologic cycle • Also called the water cycle • Sunlight heats water causing evaporation • Hot water molecules rise into the atmosphere • As they cool they condense to form clouds • When clouds become full the molecules fall as precipitation
Nitrogen cycle • 78 % of earths atmosphere is nitrogen • Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia and nitrates • Plants absorb ammonia/nitrates through roots/ use to make amino acids/ proteins • Animals eat plants for amino acids/ proteins • Bacteria break down dead organisms and release the nitrogen back into atmosphere—denitrification • Humans have added extra nitrogen thru artificial fertilizers
Oxygen cycle • 21 % of atmosphere is oxygen • Living organisms breathe in oxygen(O2) for cellular respiration • After breaking down glucose, Carbon dioxide(CO2) and water are released • Plants use the CO2 and H2O in photosynthesis to make glucose and O2 • Air pollution traps O2 and forms ozone (O3)
Carbon Cycle • CO2-carbon dioxide is in atmosphere • Plants use CO2 in photosynthesis to make glucose • Animals eat plants and break down the glucose with cellular respiration, releasing some CO2 back into air. The rest is used to make all parts of the body. • When plants and animals die and are covered by layers of soil with pressure, they form fossil fuels which release CO2 when burned
Phosphorus cycle • Limestone rock is weathered by rain and wind, releasing phosphorus into the soil and water • Plants take phosphorus up through their roots • Animals eat plants, drink water and get phosphorus • Phosphorus is excreted in wastes of animals • Humans add extra phosphorus with artificial fertilizers
All energy comes from the sun • Food chain is 1 chain of organisms • Food web is all the interconnected chains in an ecosystem • Energy pyramid represents the different trophic levels and demonstrates how energy is lost as it moves up the levels
Autotroph—makes own food-producer • Heterotroph—eats something else-consumer • Herbivore—eats plants • Carnivore—eats other animals • Omnivore—eats both plants and animals • Detrivore—eats dead animals • Decomposer—breaks down organism to their basic nutrients
How can toxins move up a food chain? • When toxins are taken up by plants, they may be small amounts • As herbivores eat the plants the toxin levels increase slightly • As carnivores eat the herbivores toxins become more intense • As tertiary consumers eat carnivores, the toxins reach a deadly level and cause some type of harm--biomagnification
Human time line • Hunter-gatherers: 10,000 ya; small nomadic tribes, ate berries, roots, small game, stalked large game; hunted many large mammals to extinction; burned prairies • Agricultural Rev: 2000 ya to 1850s; farmers; grew crops; small towns; domesticated animals; large families; hand drawn plows and wagons; deforestation • Industrial revolution: 1850’s to present; factories; large cities; mechanized equipment; steam engine; train; boat; car; smaller families; pollution
Developed vs Developing • Developed countries have good health care, high incomes, high standard of living, slow or stable birth rates • Developing countries have poor health conditions, low income, agricultural based economies, low standard of living, high birth rate, high death rate
Tragedy of the Commons • When people have access to a “common” area, they abuse it • They over fish, over hunt, pollute it, trash it, deplete the natural resources • In order to have a public place, someone must create laws and police it. Set limits on things, fines for littering or polluting, etc. • Sustainability is when everyone can have what they need to live comfortably and not deplete our natural resources
Decomposers • Decomposers are necessary for all life to exist; • They break down organic matter back to its original molecules so it can be recycled and used again
Laws • Law of conservation of matter: matter can neither be created nor destroyed; it just changes form; chemical reactions—reactants equal products; matter is recycled through nutrient cycles. • Law of conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it just changes forms; radiant to chemical to mechanical, to physical; energy is not recycled but lost in the system as heat--Entropy
Biotic vs Abiotic • Biotic factors are any living or once living part of an ecosystem; plants animals, dead tree limbs, wood, leather, etc • Abiotic factors include non living things such as air water, temperature, rocks, soil, nutrients, pH, etc