BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE By Dr. Vijay Kumar

1. BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVEBy Dr. Vijay Kumar

2. Abnormal? Abnormal describes behavioral, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment in functioning

3. Perspective • Clinicians and researchers have developed theories : • To explain the causes of maladaptation and physical illness • To decide how they may be treated effectively

5. Behavioral Perspective INTRODUCTION • Arose in the early 20th century. • Main focus was on learning. • Acc.to behaviourists ,behaviour is a product of stimulus response relationships ,not of intrapsychic conflicts. • Perspective is based on widely studied pillars-CLASSICAL and OPERANT CONDITIONING.

6. Behavioral Perspective • Focus on learning • Consider behavior as a product of stimulus response relationship (S-R) • modifies behavior by concentrating on altering the relevant aspect of the environment • study of behavioral perspective is divided into 3 parts • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Social Cognitive factors

7. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning Short Biography 20 years studying digestive system 30 years studying learning 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine Noticed that dogs would drool in anticipation of food. What were dogs thinking or feeling?

8. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning Will the dog learn to associate the arrival of food with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell)?

9. Classical Conditioning Terms Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus UCR- drool in response to food (not learned) UCS- food (triggers drool reflex) CR- drool in response to sound of bell (learned) CS- sound of bell (triggers drool reflex)

10. Paradigm of CC

11. Principles of Conditioning • Acquisition-initial learning of the response • (Is Before better than After?) • Extinction- decrease in CR without CS • Spontaneous Recovery-reappearance of the • CR after some time period • Generalization- tendency to respond to similar • CS (e.g., a similar sounding bell) • Discrimination- learned ability to distinguish • between the CS and other stimuli

12. C.C is also basis for some therapies as SYSTEMATIC DESENSETIZATION : Therapeutic procedure to extinguish our conditioned response E.g. A women who has been afraid of cars been injured in a serious auto crash(conditioning) Car crash & injury(UCS) Fear(UCR) Car(CS) Fear(CR) Through a series of steps women’s fear could be removed as: New conditioning bond would be built up between a car and the relaxed state

13. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior with its’ consequences (e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”) Using Operant Conditioning, individuals are more likely to repeat rewarded behaviors and avoid unpleasant.

14. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Operant Conditioning Skinner wanted a way to study reinforced responding without breaking the experiment up into discrete trials, and, for convenience, he wanted to automate the instrumental learning situation. To do all this he invented the Skinner Box or as it is often called, the operantchamber.

15. Operant Conditioning Skinner’s box

16. Behavioral Change Mechanism Reinforcement Reinforcers- any event that increases the frequency of the preceding event Negative Reinforcers Remove (-) stimulus (e.g., electric shock) Positive Reinforcer Introduce (+) stimulus (e.g., food) Reinforcers ALWAYS strengthen behavior!

17. More Reinforcement Primary Reinforcers Innately satisfying, Not learned (e.g., getting food) Secondary Reinforcers Associated with primary reinforcers & learned (e.g., praise) Immediate Reinforcement Reinforce immediately preceding behavior (e.g., nicotine) Delayed Reinforcement Reinforcement at some point after behavior occurs (e.g., paychecks)

18. Behavior Change Mechanism PUNISHMENT Opposite of Reinforcement Attempts to decrease behavior by introducing an unpleasant punisher • Problems With Punishment • Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed • (may reappear in other situations) • P does not guide toward acceptable behavior • (doesn’t tell you what you should do)

19. Social Cognitive Factors • Modeling: Learning from the behavior and outcomes of others. • Occurs before direct practice is allowed Learning + Reinforcement+ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Both (+) and (-) actions can be learned by observing others

20. Observational Learning Bo-Bo Doll Experiment:By Albert Bandura

21. VIEWS OF PSYCHOLOGISTS • ALBERT BANDURA-gave the concept of observation learning and gave the view that symbolic representation helps in learning the behaviour. • ROTTER ELLIS-his whole theory is based on expectancy.He focused on cognitive factors.

22. CLINICAL ASPECT • 1) SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION- it is a therapeutic procedure whose goal is to extinguish a conditioned response. • 2)MODELING- it is a behaviour therapy which can be used to change behaviour because people are able to learn by watching how other people do things.

23. CONCLUSION MERITS DEMERITS 1) Methodology is not clear. 2) Individual behaviour is explained. • 1) The perspective is scientific,reliable and valid. • 2)It is objective in nature. • 3)Data of analysis is emperical base.