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Genetics and Evolution: Understanding Genes and Traits

This course covers topics such as mtDNA, mapping, probability, and the evolution and origin of humans. Learn how genotype and phenotype are related, how genes code for proteins, and the complexities of gene-trait relationships. Explore the role of environmental effects and how inheritance can be predicted by probability. Understand the process of evolution and how DNA changes lead to changes in traits.

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Genetics and Evolution: Understanding Genes and Traits

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  1. Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pmin ETC 2.108 for the 9am class and ECJ 1.202 for the noon class • Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102 • Homework #4 due 12/3 (if needed) • Year End Topics: • mtDNA • Mapping • Probability • Evolution and the Origin of Humans

  2. Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17

  3. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects

  4. What is different about these plants?

  5. Environmental Variation grown in acidic soil grown in basic soil

  6. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects

  7. Inheritance can be predicted by probability

  8. Probability of a 4= 1/6 Probability of two 4’s in a row=1/6x1/6=1/36 Fig 3.07

  9. Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6+1/6= 1/3 Fig 3.07

  10. “and” multiply “or” add Fig 3.07

  11. Sickled and normal red blood cells Fig 6.5

  12. Huntington’s Disease Neurological disease, symptoms begin around 40 years old. D=disease d=normal

  13. D=disease d=normal Huntington’s Disease Mom = dd Dad = Dd Dad D or d possible offspring 50% Huntington’s 50% Normal Dd d or d dd Mom Dd dd

  14. Two different people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia?(Dd hh)

  15. Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25

  16. Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25 Multiply both probabilities .25 X.5 = 12.5% chance Dd hh offspring

  17. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? If so, how doesit occur?

  18. Does evolution occur?

  19. As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

  20. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

  21. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

  22. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

  23. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

  24. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

  25. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

  26. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

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