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Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition

Explore the historical progression from early Microsoft operating systems like MS-DOS to the advanced features of modern Microsoft OS and UNIX-based systems. Learn about the innovative characteristics of each OS development stage.

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Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition

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  1. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition Chapter 2 Popular Operating Systems

  2. Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Describe early Microsoft operating systems and their characteristics • Identify the features of modern Microsoft operating systems • Identify the features and characteristics of UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems • Identify the features and characteristics of Mac OS and Mac OS X Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  3. Early Microsoft Operating Systems • MS-DOS and PC DOS • MS-DOS was Microsoft’s original OS for the IBM PC • PC DOS was customized and marketed by IBM • Most programs operating under DOS used a simple text-based command-line user interface. • Both versions could only access up to 640 KB of memory. • Windows 3.x • First version of Windows using a graphical user interface (GUI) • Ran slow and not well accepted at first Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  4. Early Microsoft Operating Systems • Windows 95 • Microsoft’s first true 32-bit OS • Eliminated the 640 KB memory limit and 16-bit code Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  5. Windows 95 • Windows 95 • Microsoft’s first true 32-bit OS • Eliminated the 640 KB memory limit and 16-bit code • Introduced the GUI now called the “desktop” • Introduced Plug and Play (PnP) • enables the OS to automatically detect newly installed hardware • Introduced ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM) • standardized way for objects, such as programs, files, computers, printers, etc… to communicate with each other Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  6. Windows 95 • Introduced “The Registry” – a database that stores OS information about hardware and software configuration • The Registry provides the following: • OS configuration • Service and device driver information and configuration • Software and application parameters • Hardware configuration • Performance information • Desktop configuration Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  7. Windows 95 • Multitasking – • Multitasking in Windows 95 was cooperative for 16-bit applications, but preemptive for 32-bit applications. • Introduced a task supervisor that detects tasks that appear stuck and offers option to close those tasks without restarting the OS. • Networking functionality was extended and Internet Explorer web browser was integrated Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  8. Windows 98/Me • Windows 98 included the following changes: • Expanded PnP support • Automatic registry checks and repairs • Advanced power management features • Support for new hardware standards such as USB • Improved cooperative multitasking for 16-bit apps • Greater integration of Internet and networking features • Extended multimedia support • Expanded support for high-speed networking • Ability to perform upgrades over the Internet Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  9. Windows 98/Me • Windows Millennium Edition (Me) • Developed for home computer users • Implemented applications appealing to home users • Playing music • Storing family photos • Playing games • Accessing the Internet • Provided better support for infrared devices • Implemented the enhanced PnP standard called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) • A set of protocols that allows network devices to be automatically discovered and configured by network client computers. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  10. Windows NT • Windows New Technology (NT) – high-end OS to be used on very powerful computers • OS kernel ran in privileged mode – protected it from problems created by a malfunctioning program or process • Privileged mode gives the OS and extra level of security from intruders and prevents system crashes due to out-of-control applications. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  11. Windows NT • Offered in two versions: • Windows NT Workstation • The OS for users who needed a high-end, stable, ans secure graphical OS. • Windows NT Server • Designed as a multi-user server OS for access over a network. • Supported network connectivity protocols that were compatible with IBM mainframes, UNIX computers, Macintosh computers, Novell NetWare servers, and all Windows-based computers. • Supported high-speed network connectivity and remote access over telephone lines or Internet. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  12. Windows NT • Security • A significant feature of Windows NT • The OS required them user to log on and be authenticated by submitting a username and password to gain access to the computer. • Windows NT 4.0 Server had a C2 top-secret security rating from the U.S. government. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  13. Windows NT • Security • The C2 rating means that the Windows NT Server network OS provided security at many levels, including the following: • File and Folder protection • User accounts and passwords • File, folder, and account auditing • File server access protection on a network • File server management controls. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  14. Windows NT • Security • The domain was an integral part of the Windows NT security model. • In every Windows NT domain, there was one Primary Domain Controller (PDC). • Responsible for keeping all usernames and passwords for all users who wanted to contact the domain. • Any other server that was part of the domain could request password and permission information from the PDC. • This allowed a use to sign on to the domain once and gain access to any server that was a member of the domain - Single sign-on. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  15. Windows 2000 • Windows 2000 had a significant rewrite of the Windows NT kernel and ran about 30% faster than Windows NT. • Windows 2000 used preemptive multitasking and multithreading, and the kernel ran in privileged mode. • Supported VPNs – private network that is like an encrypted tunnel through a larger network and is restricted only to designated member clients. • Windows 2000 kept a copy of OS files in a safe place, so if a critical file was overwritten or deleted, the OS automatically replaced it. • Driver-signing features – you can set up all drivers so they cannot be inadvertently overwritten by earlier driver versions and only certified drivers are installed. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  16. Windows 2000 • Some new features include: • Active Directory – database that is used to store information about resources such as user accounts, computers, and printers. • It groups resources at different levels for local and universal management. • Provides a centralized means to quickly find a specific resource through indexing. • Was only available on the server version of Windows 2000. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  17. Windows 2000 • Some new features include: • Distributed network architecture • Windows 2000 offered new ways to distribute network and management resources to match the needs of most types of networks. • In Windows 2000 server, multiple servers could be designated as domain controllers, each containing a copy of Active Directory and able to verify a user who wanted to log on to the network. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  18. Windows 2000 • Some new features (cont’d): • Kerberos security – Kerberos is a security system and authentication protocol that authenticates users and grants or denies access to network resources based on a user’s log-on name and password. • The primary goal of Kerberos works through a special communications protocol that enables a client to initiate contact with a server and request secure communications. • The server responds by providing an encryption key that is unique to that communication session and it does so by using a protected communication called a ticket. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  19. Windows 2000 • Some new features (cont’d): • IntelliMirror – Intended to enable Windows 2000 clients to access the same desktop settings, applications, and data from wherever they accessed the network, even if they were not on the network. • Also used information in Active Directory to ensure that consistent security and group policies applied to the client, and that the client’s software was upgraded or removed on the basis of a central management scheme. • International language compatibility – supported more language and language capabilities than previous versions of Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  20. Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional • When it introduced Windows 2000, Microsoft’s overall goal was to combine Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional on a server-based network to achieve a lower total cost of ownership (TCO). • The total cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, maintenance, und user support costs. • Windows 2000 Professional was intended as a reliable, easy-to-configure, workstation OS to be used in a business or professional environment. • Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors, while Windows 2000 Professional supported up to two. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  21. Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional • Windows 2000 Server also offered more services and user connectivity that are appropriate for a server instead of a workstation: • Handle virtually unlimited numbers of users simultaneously • Active Directory management • Network management • Web-based management services • Network-wide security management • Network storage management • Remote network access, network-wide communications services, and high-speed network connectivity • Application services management • Network printer management through Active Directory Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  22. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server • Windows 2000 Server was divided into: • Windows 2000 Server – provided a comprehensive set of server/Web services for up to 4 processor systems and supported up to 4 GB of RAM. • Windows 2000 Advanced Server – intended for high-end enterprise networks that require up to 8 processor servers, clustered serves, or both • Clustering – technique in which two or more servers are linked to equally share the server processor load, server storage, and other server resources Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  23. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server • Windows 2000 Server was divided into: • Windows 2000 Datacenter – targeted for large database and data manipulation services. • Supported 64 GB of RAM, clustering, and individual servers with up to 32 processors. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  24. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server Figure 2-3 Server clustering Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  25. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 • Windows XP (Windows Experience) – new desktop version with core elements of Windows 2000 • Both OSs offered a refreshed desktop GUI. • Other features of both systems included: • More capabilities for keeping photo albums, playing music, running video and audio files, playing games and using other multimedia applications • Better Internet security through a built-in firewall • Remote Desktop – ability to control the computer over an Internet connection • Requires an activation code that must be obtained by contacting Microsoft (ensures that software is not pirated) Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  26. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 • Features of Windows XP included: • The ability to configure themes for the desktop • A better help system • Plenty of trouble-shooting tools • Even though the kernel for Windows XP was vastly different from that of Windows 9x, you could still run many programs written for Windows 9x using the Windows XP Program Compatibility Wizard. • Windows XP lasted as the Windows flagship OS from 2001 to 2007 when Windows Vista was introduced. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  27. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 • Windows XP came in several versions including: Windows XP Home, XP Professional, XP Tablet PC, XP Media Center, and XP 62-Bit. • Windows XP originally came in two versions: • Windows XP Professional – intended for office and professional use. • Had to ability to create accounts for different users who might user the OS. • Could be used as a small server for up to 10 users. • Could run on computers using up to two processors and on 64-bit Itanium computers. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  28. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 • Windows XP originally came in two versions: • Windows XP Home Edition – meant to be the next upgrade from Windows 9x/Me, and was a scaled-down version of Windows XP Professional. • User accounts could not be created in Windows XP Home Edition. • Could be used as a small server for up to 10 users. • Ran only on 32-bit single-processor computers. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  29. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 Figure 2-4 The Windows XP desktop and Start menu Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  30. Windows Server 2003/R2 • Windows Server 2003 came in four versions: • Standard Edition • Enterprise Edition • Datacenter Edition • Web Edition • Some of the new features include: • GUI interface used with Windows XP • Faster network logon authentication through Active Directory • New group policies that can be set to manage user workstations via Active Directory Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  31. Windows Server 2003/R2 • Some of the new features (cont’d): • New tools for managing server resources • Ability to run on 64-bit Itanium processors • Remote server management through the Remote Desktop tool • Enhanced ability for users to run programs on the server, through Microsoft Terminal Services • Runtime code for Windows .NET development environment to run applications through the Internet on all types of devices Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  32. Windows Server 2003/R2 • Windows Server 2003 Release 2 security(R2) is an upgrade to Server 2003 with many new features • Some of the enhancements included: • A new version of the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) • Faster code execution • A new Print Management Console • Strong integration with .NET Framework • Improved security Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  33. Windows Server 2003/R2 • Windows Server 2003 Release 2 offered many new features that organizations wanted for even more reliable, heavy-duty, and uninterrupted computing such as: • Better performance • Improved group policy management • MMC 3.0 and the Print Management Console • New server clustering capabilities • Virtual server options • Dynamic Systems Initiative • Better identity and access management Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  34. Windows Server 2003/R2 • Windows Server 2003 Release 2 (R2) new features (cont’d) • Better options for branch office servers • DFS enhancements • Subsystem for UNIX-based applications • Improved storage management • Microsoft ended support for Windows Server 2003 in July 2015 • Urged companies to move to Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2012 Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  35. Modern Windows Operating Systems • Windows 7 and Windows Vista • No longer receive mainstream support from Microsoft • Extended support ends for Vista in April 2017 and in January 2020 for Windows 7 Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  36. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Microsoft Windows Vista (released Jan. ’07) – workstation operating system that followed XP • Was not well received • Windows 7 was introduced in July ‘09 • Geared to make desktop computing more intuitive and reliable for users • Has more built-in security features and requires less rebooting • Example: when installing a software patch, no need to reboot right away Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  37. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Windows 7 was introduced in July ’09 (cont’d) • One-third faster than Windows XP and Windows 2000 • New desktop presentation called Aero (Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open) enables organizations to more effectively manage user desktops for uniformity and to reduce common problems in computer use. • Reasons to upgrade: for greater speed, more productivity through the use of intuitive features, uniformity of the desktop, and greater security and reliability Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  38. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Windows 7 implements many new features: • Desktop and windows interface • Libraries • Folder resource sharing options • Reliability features • Security features • User Account Protection • Management options • Each of these are explained on the following slides Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  39. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Desktop and Windows Interface • Introduces desktop “gadgets” – small applications for readily accessing information and tools (clock, calendar, etc…) • Search box at the bottom of the Start menu enables fast searching for a specific document or file • Renamed and reorganized Start Button options • Control Panel still offers the Classic view, but also offers the Category view to quickly address a specific task Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  40. Windows Vista/Windows 7 Figure 2-5 The Windows 7 desktop and Start menu Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  41. Windows Vista/Windows 7 Figure 2-6 Windows 7 Control Panel categories Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  42. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Libraries – organizes files from multiple locations on your computer and the network • Not really a folder, but a dynamic folder housing files from one or more different locations • Folder Resource Sharing Options • Sharing folders over a network is a powerful tool for making information resources available to multiple network users. • The Sharing Wizard enables you to specify which users can access a folder Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  43. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • There are three permission levels: • Read – Permissions to open and view the file • Read/write – Permissions to view, use, and change the file contents, and to remove the file • Owner – Permissions to view, use, and change the file contents as well as change permissions on the file • Users can specify the use of a file on the basis of a personal or public profile • Files not to be shared can be saved into a personal profile and files to be shared can be saved into a public profile Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  44. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Reliability Features: • Startup Repair Tool – When a boot problem is detected, Windows 7 launches this tool which is designed to assess the problem and fix it • Code to Prevent Interruptions – Microsoft strengthened OS code to prevent crashes/hangs • Self-Diagnosis for Problems – built-in diagnostics for common hardware problems and memory problems Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  45. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Reliability Features (cont’d): • Restart Manager – has the ability to determine which running processes are affected by an update or patch and can restart an affected service without rebooting the computer • Service Failure Recovery – OS can detect when a service has failed and attempt to restart it Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  46. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Security Features – Microsoft is working to change coding structures at the foundation of the OS to reduce the opportunities for attackers. Besides locking down the code, Microsoft has implemented additional security features, including: • A more comprehensive firewall • The Windows firewall monitors traffic going into and coming out of the computer. • It is compatible with IP Security (IPSec), a set of secure communication standards for encryption to protect network communications between computers. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  47. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Security Features (Contid): • User Account Protection (UAP) • Enables the user account administrator to better protect accounts by controlling permissions and by limiting the software applications that can be run from an account. • UAP protects the registry and specified folders so their contents are only available to a specific user. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  48. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Security Features (Contid): • Built-in security software to find and eliminate malicious software • One common avenue for attackers is through an open service, such as through FTP. Windows Service Hardening limits the effect a service can have in Windows, so attacks are limited or thwarted. • Status information Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  49. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Windows 7 Management Options – Windows 7 comes with more group policy settings • Means computers can be standardized for easier use • Windows 7 includes the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) which enables the computer’s administrator to configure group policies for different kinds of users. • Windows Resource Protection (WRP) – used to make it more difficult to change system settings and files, such as the registry. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  50. Windows Vista/Windows 7 • Windows 7 Management Options (Contid): • Windows 7 brings back the Administrative Tools menu Some of the tools include: • Computer Management • Opens the Computer Management tool that provides access to many general management functions. • Performance Monitor • Shows monitors for utilization of the CPU, disk, network, and memory. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

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