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Replicating the 1903 Wright Flyer

Replicating the 1903 Wright Flyer. Introduction. Sir George Cayley Conventional configuration Otto Lilienthal Airfoil data, first pilot Alphonse Penaud Rubber powered models Octave Chanute Pratt truss. Wright Brothers. Control centric approach Wing warping for roll control

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Replicating the 1903 Wright Flyer

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  1. Replicating the 1903 Wright Flyer

  2. Introduction • Sir George Cayley • Conventional configuration • Otto Lilienthal • Airfoil data, first pilot • Alphonse Penaud • Rubber powered models • Octave Chanute • Pratt truss

  3. Wright Brothers • Control centric approach • Wing warping for roll control • First wind tunnel tests • Adverse yaw • Canard for pitch control

  4. The Wright approach • Wing warping tested on 1899 kite • 1901 glider was a disappointment • Wind tunnel testing leads to 1902 glider • First powered flight, 1903

  5. Problems in replication • Instability • Pitch, CG behind NP • Spiral mode, Anhedral • Control • Smaller tail volumes • Constructional • Practical limits due to scaling down

  6. Strategy

  7. Strategy • Exploring a/c • Literature study • Proposed solutions • Making gliders • Material selection • Practical limits on fabrication • Implementation of control mechanisms

  8. Propulsion • Market survey for • Contra-rotating pushers • Belts, pulleys and shafts • Engine • Test the setup

  9. Glider Specifications • 1:12 scaled down model • Wing Span 1.02 m • Length 0.54m • Canard area 6.3% of wing area, 0.0210 m2 • Rudder area 0.01 m2 • Weight 0.15 Kg • Ballast weight 0.040 Kg • Wing loading 0.11 kg/m2

  10. Glider

  11. Glider Experience • Material selection • Central carbon fibre box supporting • Wing • Canard and rudder • Engine • Landing gear

  12. Central Box

  13. Glider Experience • Material selection • Balsa wood used for • Wing ribs • Canard and rudder • Vertical struts

  14. Glider Experience • Monokote for wing covering • Slotted ribs for front spar • Joints • Strut-spar pin joints replicated • Pins lashed to spars and struts • Rigging with twine thread

  15. View of joints

  16. Glider Experience • Controls • Steel wire for wing warping • Flexible joints in rear spar for wing warping • Complete canard moved for pitch control (unlike original variable camber)

  17. Weight estimation • Controls part • 4 servos + Receiver+ Battery pack + Miscellaneous • 160gm + 30gm + 120gm + 50gm =360 gm • Propulsion part • Engine + Mount + Shafts, Belts, Pulleys + Fuel + Misc 335gm + 150gm+ 300gm+ 250gm+ 65gm =1100 gm • Landing gear = 150gm • Structure part • Carbon fiber composite + Balsa + Misc • 450gm + 300gm + 250gm =1000gm • Total Maximum weight = 3 kg • Wing loading with this weight = 0.338 kg/m2

  18. Thrust and Power Estimation • Max thrust required at min Cl/Cd = 12 N • Power required at this Cl/Cd is 120 W • Engine of 250 W at 16000 rpm • Two 10X6 props at 8000 rpm give 15 N thrust • Thrust in lbs = 2.83x10-12 x RPM2 x D4 x Cp x (P/29.92) x (528/(460+T))

  19. Propulsion • Electric motor • Less weight • No starting problems • Ease of maintenance • Large battery weight (Can be used as ballast) • Lesser heating problems

  20. Propulsion • Wankel IC engine • High power • Less fuel weight • Cooling problems ?

  21. Propulsion • Belt pulley system • Propeller shaft mounting replicated • Contra-rotating propellers ?

  22. Side view transmission system 9.3 cm 4 cm 11 cm 6 cm 25 cm

  23. Front View 23.5 cm 12 cm 5 cm 39.4 cm

  24. Unsolved problems • Roll-yaw coupling ? • Asymmetric yawing moment ? • Pitch SAS using rate gyro? • Tail and canard volumes ? • Anhedral ? • Landing ? • Twisted belt drive ?

  25. Cost Estimate

  26. Acknowledgements • Prof. K. Sudhakar, IIT Bombay • Dr. H. Arya, IIT Bombay

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