Concepts

1. Concepts Geography I

2. POPULATION

3. Distribution spread across surface uneven and changes dot map dots represent people crowded sparcely populated POPULATION

4. Dot map 1 dot represents 100 000 people

5. Density number of people per km2 total population/area choropleth map generalisation hide concentrations POPULATION

6. Choropleth map Over 500 people per km2 200/500 people per km2 100/199 people per km2

7. POPULATION

8. POPULATION

9. Population growth death rate birth rate natural increase natural decrease POPULATION

10. Demographic transition model total population population change birth rate death rate natural increase natural decrease four stages POPULATION

11. The demographic transition model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

12. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 very hight fluctuating birth and death rates birth rate very hight, death rate falling rapidly birth rate falling rapidly, death rate falling slowly birth and death rates falling slowly POPULATION

13. Population structures population pyramid: birth rate death rate life expectancy age groups males – females population growth POPULATION

14. Population pyramid Stage 1 Life expectancy 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

15. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 2 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

16. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 3 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

17. Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 4 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

18. Dependency ratio Non economically active (children 0-14 and elderly over 65) Economically active (working age 15-64) 100 =dependency ratio (how many dependent for 100 working age) POPULATION

19. Population trends population explosion always growing LEDCs more rapidly only estimates fastest growth – Africa, Asia and Latin America slowest growth – Europe, North America and Australasia most population live in Asia POPULATION

20. Changing population structures Too many under 15s stages 2 – 3 high birth rates proportion 40% work on farms infant mortality rate religion lack of education contraceptives POPULATION

21. Changing population structures Too few under 15s approaching stage 5 natural decrease replacement rate workers technology services social care for elderly one-child policy POPULATION

22. Changing population structures Ageing population increase in life expectancy standard, hygiene, health care diet, medical knowledge proportion 20% amount of money services POPULATION

23. MIGRATION

24. MIGRATION

25. MIGRATION

26. net migration gain net migration loss MIGRATION • migration balance emigrants immingrants emigrants immingrants

27. Voluntary migration employment pioneers territorial expansion better climate social amenities family MIGRATION

28. Forced migration persecution war slaves discrimination famine disasters overpopulation MIGRATION

29. Refugees forced migration 15 million 80% developing bad conditions MIGRATION

30. Economic migrants voluntary assimilation labour shortage restriction ethnic minority concentration/segregation MIGRATION

31. Differences: wealth education colour religion quality of environment MIGRATION Economic migrants • Difficulties: • housing • education • jobs • discrimination • crime

32. Push factors: poor-quality housing decline of industries poorly paid jobs poor transport links pollution fewer social amenities MIGRATION Urban-to-rural migration • Pull factors: • better housing • footloose industries • better paid jobs • better transport links • better services • cultural amenities

33. Counterurbanisation reverse direction dormitory settlements commuter settlements suburbanised villages MIGRATION

34. Reasons: employment housing changed family status environment factors social factors MIGRATION Counterurbanisation • Which groups: • higher income • higher skills • better qualified • parents – young families

35. MIGRATION

36. Settlement

37. Site Situation point local relief soil water supply resources surrounding features determines growth Settlement

38. Situation wet-point site dry-point site building material defence fuel supply food supplies nodal points bridging points shelter and aspect Settlement

39. increasingly rural increasingly urban

40. Settlement

42. several mill. Hierarchy distance appart over 200 km 100-200 km 50-100 km 20-50 km 5-10 km 2-3 km 500 metres 1000,000, 1-2 mill. 100,000 10,000-20,000 several hundred 5/6 buildings 1 family

43. Hierarchy population size range of services number of services sphere of influence threshold population range Settlement

44. Range of services

45. Sphere of influence Settlement hamlet village town

46. Urbanisation Settlement

47. Urbanisation Settlement

48. Land use and functional zones land value space competition - demand age accessibility wealth of inhabitants Settlement

49. Urbanisation Settlement CBC – hirgh-rise, shops, banks, offices inner city - terraced housing, 19th cent. industry, low quality h. inner city – high-rise flats, redeveloped outer suberbs – interwar medium, postwar high-quality housing, edge of the city – green belt, greenfield, commuter villages

50. Central business district the oldest and most accessible limited space shops, banks and offices high-rise building shops with high profit margin and threshold population congestion Settlement