Directed by: Dr. PJ Benfield and Dr. Matt Turner Mentor : Miss Doreen Forsythe

1. InSPIRESS Program Report Directed by: Dr. PJ Benfield and Dr. Matt Turner Mentor : Miss Doreen Forsythe

2. Introduction • School: Lee High School • Team Name: Superstars of Modern Aeronautics

3. Figuring out the question • What is Europa? • Research/ Study (lectures, online, flight reports) • Question would center around the ocean and magnetic field • The original question and why it changed

4. The Question • How does Jupiter's magnetic field and Europa’s flexing effect Europa’s induced magnetic field? • Question breakdown • What is flexing? • Relationship between Jupiter’s magnetic field and the ocean currents of Europa

5. Answering the Question Research, what needed to be measured, what instruments were needed to answer the question, and how they were chosen.

6. Science Traceability Matrix Goal Science Objective Investigation Measurement Instrument Explore Europa’s flexing Characterize changing shape of Europa Determine amplitude of Europa’s flexing caused by Jupiter’s gravity Measure distance from Europa surface to spacecraft Laser Altimeter Explore Europa’s induced magnetic field Characterize magnetic field of Europa and Jupiter Determine level of Jupiter and Europa’s magnetic field Measure strength and direction of Jupiter Europa’s magnetic field Magnetometer Find Spacecraft magnetic field Characterize spacecraft of Jupiter Determine spacecraft magnetic field Measure strength and direction of spacecraft magnetic field Magnetometer Explore any correlation between flexing and change in magnetic field Characterize changes in flexing corresponding to changes in magnetic field Determine if there is a change in magnetic field that corresponds to the flexing of Europa’s surface Evaluate changes in both distance between Europa’s surface and spacecraft and changes in strength and direction of magnetic field Laser Altimeter and Magnetometer

7. Example Budget

8. Define components of the Question • Find magnetic flux vs. conductivity relationship • Europa travels through Jupiter’s magnetic field • Electricity is created in the ocean - - Europan magnetic field • Jupiter’s gravity creates flexing of Europa’s surface • Hypothesis: Europa’s flexing (caused by Jupiter’s magnetic field) and Jupiter’s magnetic field effect the magnitude of Europa's induced magnetic field • We believe that flexing will change the shape of the ocean, therefore affecting the conductivity of Europa and its magnetic field.

9. How we plan to take measurements and timeline of events: Instrument breakdown

10. Lanyard Deployed Method: Most common method of deployment Stowed strain energy drive deployment Tip-mounted lanyard controls the deployment via motor The fiberglass boom is 10meters long. Boom

11. Dual Technique Fluxgate Magnetometer-301 • The Dual Technique FGM magnetometer will placed in the middle of the boom (5 m) • It will measure the magnetic field of the spacecraft to determine if there is any contributing magnetic field from the spacecraft

12. Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer • Located at the very end of the boom to provide information about Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field. • Measure the magnetic field at Europa • sensitive enough to resolve the induction signal generated in Europa’s ocean

13. Magnetic Field • Two magnetometers • Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer (VSH/M) and Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) • Known and unknown variables J, S, E, (J + S + E) • J = Known; intensity of Jupiter's magnetic field from past flights (5 × 10-4 to 1 T. 10,000 gauss or 1 tesla from Voyager 1 & 2) • S = known; magnetic field around spacecraft • E= unknown Europa’s magnetic field • (J + S + E) = measurements taken with magnetometers; combined measurements of the spacecraft magnetic field, Europa’s induced magnetic field and Jupiter's magnetic field • Calculate • (J + S + E) – J = (S + E) – S = Europa magnetic field

14. Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter • Measures topographic differences at cross-over points globally across Europa’s surface with at least 1 meter vertical accuracy. • Change in distance from the spacecraft to the surface will be determined • Greatest chance of error caused by error in the spacecraft orbit • if orbit can be stabilized this error should be within 1 m.

15. Laser Altimeter Solid Works

16. How often will points be tested? • Satellite Tool Kit (STK) models • The team used the models to: • Measure that the spacecraft needs to be at a 94 degree angle, the altimeter needs to be at a 30 degree angle in order to gather accurate information • Negotiate for 94 degree orbit angle • Measure that at every 15 degrees, the laser altimeter will take a picture of Europa’s surface at that specific location and send that information back to the spacecraft. We have to take measurements of the 15 degrees at least 3 times.

17. Europa Orbit & Satellite 94-30 degrees

18. Payload Design • LOLA will be located on the side of the spacecraft that is pointed toward the surface of Europa consistently during the mission. • The boom with both magnetometers will be deployed into the 50-100 km orbit around Europa. It will extend away from the surface of Europa.

19. Utilizing Data How we use the measurements that we took to answer the question

20. Magnetic Flux of Jupiter • Φ = B (A cos θ) • Φ=magnetic flux symbol • B = magnetic field • A cos θ = shape of the planet • θ = the area of the spacecraft in relation to Europa • Jupiter’s magnetic field

21. Conductivity • More magnetic flux– more electricity created • Position in Jupiter’s magnetic field depends on electricity created • Solve for conductivity with ohms law • Resistance x current = voltage to find resistance • ( R ^-1 = conductivity). • Current (I) is substituted for [Δ Φ/ Δt ] • Use Faradays law (assuming Europa is one loops) to find voltage • Faradays Law • Voltage Generated (EMF) = -N (ΔBA/Δt) • (-) direction of field • N = number of loops • B = magnetic field • A = area • T = time • Φ= magnetic flux symbol (we substituted BA for this symbol)

22. Problem Simplification • Our physics scenario is simplified as if Europa was one metal loop acting as a battery. • In reality, we would need to take a computer program and find the true 3D area of Europa .

23. Experimental Layout: When will measurements be taken during the mission?

24. Timeline • Enter Europa’s orbit and deploy boom immediately to start magnetometers continuous measurements and laser altimeters first measurement of every fifteen degrees. • 2 weeks later- one orbit around Europa has been completed (1 Europa day= 85 hours) • Continue this pattern for 90 Earth days (time granted for data collection) • At the end of this period, final measurements go from payload to spacecraft & the boom does not contract.

25. Summary • Question: Is Europa’s induced magnetic field affected by Jupiter’s magnetic field and Europa’s flexing? • We believe that the answer is yes due to conductivity and magnetic field. • Our goal- discover more about the characteristics of Europa for future reference

26. Thank You