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KEYSTONE PREPARATION TUTORING

KEYSTONE PREPARATION TUTORING. Module A Cells and Cell Processes. Unit 1 Basic Biological Principles. BIO.A.1.1.1 Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. BIO.A.1.2.1

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KEYSTONE PREPARATION TUTORING

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  1. KEYSTONE PREPARATION TUTORING Module A Cells and Cell Processes

  2. Unit 1Basic Biological Principles • BIO.A.1.1.1 • Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. • BIO.A.1.2.1 • Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • BIO.A.1.2.2 • Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organsystems, and multicellular organisms).

  3. Unifying Characteristics of Life • Introductory Video • Shared characteristics: • Obtaining and using energy • Maintaining a stable internal state • The ability to grow • The ability to reproduce • Responding to stimuli in the environment • Have genetic material

  4. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Differences: • Size • Complexity • Similarities • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • DNA • Plasma membrane

  5. Cell Parts Challenge: Do you know the animal organelles? Set up a piece of paper #1-8 T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

  6. Label the parts of the cell. Cytoplasm Cell membrane Golgi Body Lysosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosome 1 8 2 3 7 6 4 5 Image: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

  7. The answers are … 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – Cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Ribosome Lysosome Mitochondria Golgi Body Cytoplasm 1 8 2 3 7 6 4 5

  8. Cell Parts Challenge: Do you know the plant organelles? Set up a piece of paper #1-8 T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

  9. Label the parts of the cell. Cytoplasm Cell Wall Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Nucleus Mitochondria Cell Membrane Chloroplast 8 1 7 2 6 3 5 4 Image: http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/nature/plantcell.jpg

  10. The answers are … Vacuole 8 Cytoplasm 1 7 Chloroplast Mitochondria 2 6 Nucleus 3 Cell Wall 5 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Cell Membrane

  11. Organization of Multicellular Organisms • An organism’s cells make up its tissues. • Tissues compose organs. • Different organs work together as organ systems.

  12. Organization (cont.) • Differentiated cells are specialized to perform particular functions within a multicellular organism. • Can you identify these cells? Red Blood Cells Nerve Cells

  13. #6 Refer to the diagram above to answer the following questions • A. Identify structure 1 and describe its main function • Structure 1 is the cell wall and its role is to support and provide protection for the cell. • B. Identify structure 3 and describe its main function. • Structure 3 is the central vacuole and its role is to store water and nutrients

  14. C. A wilted houseplant is watered. Explain how structures 1 and 3 work together to cause change in the plant • A plant wilts because it has lost water when the plant is watered the water is stored in the central vacuole and this organelle expands. This place pressure against the cell wall, which remains rigid. This pressure within the plant cell causes the plant to remain upright.

  15. 4. A Describe how the function of the contractile vacuole helps the protist stay alive • The function of the contractile vacuole is to maintain water balance in the organism. B. Describe how the same function is carried out in animals. Identify at least one organ or system involved in its function. • The kidneys of the excretory system carry out the same function in animals. Cells release metabolic wastes into the bloodstream and the circulatory carried these wastes to kidneys. There the blood is filtered and wastes form urine, which is excreted from the body.

  16. c. Describe how the same (or a similar) function is carried out in plants . Identify at least one organ, structure, or cell type involved in this function • The Stomata of plant leaves carry out similar function in plants. The stomata close to keep water vapor from escaping the leaves. When the stomata open, gas exchange may occur in the leaf but water vapor may also escape.

  17. 5A Describe how the structure of arteries are specialized for their particular function. • The structure of the artery allows it to withstand, the force of the blood pumped from the heart. The artery’s thick wall of smooth muscle tissue and the elastic membrane enable it to carry a changing volume of blood under high pressure

  18. B. Describe how the structure of veins are specialized for their particular function • The structure of the veins allows it to move blood collected from capillaries toward the heart. Because blood is not forced through the vein, it has a thinner wall of smooth muscle than the artery. The vein’s valves prevent blood from moving backward and keep it flowing toward the heart.

  19. C. Describe how the function of capillaries is made possible by their structure • The microscopic size and complex branching of the capillaries allows them to reach all the cells of the body and allows materials to be exchanged between these cells and the bloodstream.

  20. Unit 2The Chemical Basis for Life • BIO.A.2.1 • Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specificheat, cohesion). • BIO.A.2.2.1 • Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. • BIO.A.2.2.2 • Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. • BIO.A.2.2.3 • Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.

  21. Unique Properties of Water • A water molecule is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom and is held together by a covalent bond. • Water is POLAR! • It has a negative (-) oxygen region and a positive (+) region. • These charges create hydrogen bonds between molecules. • Opposite attract so water molecules ‘stick’ together. This is called COHESION.

  22. Cohesion vs. Adhesion • Cohesive molecules ‘stick’ or are attracted to themselves. This builds up SURFACE TENSION which is like a thin film on top of a body of water. • Adhesion is when water can ‘stick’ or is attracted to something other than itself. • Like cohesion, adhesive forces are created by hydrogen bonding between molecules.

  23. Capillary action • Capillarity is the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space. • It requires both cohesive AND adhesive forces.

  24. Capillary Action in Plants

  25. Let’s Review Properties of Water • Crash Course Water • Important Properties: • Polarity • Cohesion • Adhesion • Specific heat (Heat Capacity) • Heat of vaporization (evaporation) • Heat of fusion (freezing) • Density and freezing point • pH

  26. Organic Molecules • CARBON! • Makes up to 4 covalent bonds. • Includes single, double, and triple bonds. • Macromolecules • Made of chains/rings of smaller molecules • Always has CHO! (Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen) • There are 4 macromolecules • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  27. Lipids • NONPOLAR (repels water molecules) • Examples: fat, oil, wax, and sterols (cholesterol/hormones) • Structure • Looks like an ‘E’ • Glycerol • Fatty acids • Function • STORES energy • Cell/plasma membrane • Insulation • Send messages/signals

  28. Carbohydrates • Examples: • sugar (-ose) • starch (glycogen) • cellulose (fiber from plants). • Structure • Have more oxygen atoms than lipids. • Chains of rings! • Monomers make polymers • Hydroxyl group (-OH) • Function • Glucose is a reactant in cell’s for respiration. • Main source of ENERGY. • Substitute for bones in plants. Help plants stand up straight.

  29. Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis • Dehydration synthesis • Dehydrate- “remove water” • Synthesis’ “to make” • Joins monomers together by REMOVING a molecule of water. • Hydrolysis • Hydro- “water” • Lysis- “to break” • Breaks apart polymers by ADDING a molecule of water.

  30. Nucleic Acids • Examples: DNA and RNA • Structure • Nucleotides • A, C, G, T (U) • Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) • CHO + Phosphate + Nitrogen • Function • Encodes genetic information for the cell: • Heredity • Protein Synthesis

  31. Proteins • Structure • Made of amino acids (20) • CHO + Nitrogen • Amine and carboxyl groups • Peptide bonds joins amino acids by mean of dehydration synthesis. • Function • Makes cell parts/organelles • Animal structures (hair, nails, muscle tissue) • Makes channels that allow things to enter or leave the cell. • ENZYMES!

  32. Let’s Review Macromolecules! • The Molecules of Life • Important points: • ALL macromolecules are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. • Some macromolecules have nitrogen and phosphate. • Macromolecules have many important “groups”. • Hydroxyl (-OH) -Phosphate (-PO3) • Carboxyl (-COOH) -Amino (-NH2)

  33. Enzymes! • BIO.A.2.3.1 • Describe the role of an enzyme as catalyst in regulating a specificbiochemical reaction. • BIO.A.2.3.2 • Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function.

  34. Enzymes • Special proteins that catalyze, or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. • Catalysts (enzymes) work on substratesto break them apart at their active site. • The enzymes do NOT get used up in the process. • Enzymes can only break apart SPECIFIC substrates like a specific key can only open a particular lock. • Changes in temperature and pH can effect the function of enzymes and make them slow down or stop working.

  35. Enzyme Activity • Video on Reaction Rate ( use bozeman instead) • Optimum reaction rate • Factors that affect reaction rate: • Temperature • pH • Substrate Concentration

  36. Please finish your Finish Line Keystone Unit 2 Packet, - you have until 12:45. Then it is getting collected! • If you have finished and want to retest for quizlet, please let me know!

  37. Unit 3 Bioenergetics • BIO.A.3.1.1 -Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations. • BIO.A.3.2.1 - Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • BIO.A.3.2.2 - Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.

  38. ATP and Cellular Respiration • ATP – (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a small, soluble molecule that provides energy to reactions throughout the cell. • The bond that attached the last phospate group to the ATP molecule releases energy when broken.

  39. Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration is the process that breaks down organic molecules, such as glucose, that originate in food. • Overall Equation: • 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Or • Oxygen + glucose  carbon dioxide + water + energy

  40. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration • Aerobic means “requiring oxygen” • Breaks down glucose and oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water • Anaerobic means “ not requiring oxygen” • An example is fermentation which is used to make alcohol and bread.

  41. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Crash course Video

  42. Can you identify the stage of cellular respiration 4 7 1 5 2 Grand total 8 3 6

  43. 4. Krebs Cycle 1. Glycolysis 7. Electron Transport Chain 2. Cytoplasm 5. Mitochondria Grand total of 36-38 3. Total of 2 6. Total of 2 8. Total of 32-34

  44. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is a process that coverts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in compounds such as glucose

  45. Remember it all occurs in the chloroplast. • Thylakoids – sac-like photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts, arranged in stacks called grana • Photosystems – clusters of pigments in thylakoid • Stroma – region outside of the thylakoid membrane (Calvin Cycle takes place) The Reactions of Photosynthesis

  46. The two stages of Photosynthesis • Stage 1 - light-dependent reactions • Uses chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes • Captures the energy from sunlight to produce ATP • Splits water molecules need for the next stage • Release Oxygen gas from the leaf • Stage 2 – light –independent reactions (calvin cycle) • Takes place in the stroma • Depends on energy from the light reactions • Converts CO2 into organic molecules such as glucose

  47. Can you identify the stage of photosynthesis? 5 2 1 1. 2. 3 6 4 7

  48. 2 5 1 1. 2. 3 6 7 4

  49. Unit 4 – Homeostasis and Transport • BIO.A.4.1.1 - Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. • BIO.A.4.1.2 - Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). • BIO.A.4.1.3 - Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell. • BIO.A.4.2.1 - Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

  50. The Phospholipid Bilayer • Plasma membrane aka the cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholids. • Phospholipid head is polar which is hydrophilic • Two tails are nonpolar which is hydrophobic

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