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MCB 7200: Molecular Biology

Explore significant developments in molecular biology and biotechnology history from 1944 to 2012, including major milestones like DNA structure determination, genetic engineering, and human genome sequencing.

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MCB 7200: Molecular Biology

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  1. MCB 7200: Molecular Biology Biotechnology terminology Common hosts and experimental organisms Transcription and translation Prokaryotic gene organization & expression

  2. Terminology • Molecular biology-The study of biology on a molecular level including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically important molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins • Recombinant DNA technology-a set of techniques for manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the production of large quantities of gene product • Genetic engineering-the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification • Biotechnology-production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems, and processes • Molecular biotechnology-rDNA technology + biotechnology

  3. Selected developments in the history of molecular biology/biotechnology 1944-Avery, MacLeod & McCarty determine DNA is the genetic material 1953-Watson & Crick determine the structure of DNA 1970-First restriction endonuclease isolated 1973-Boyer & Cohen establish recombinant DNA technology 1976-DNA sequencing techniques developed 1980-U.S. Supreme Court rules genetically modified microorganisms can be patented 1981-First DNA synthesizers sold 1988-PCR method published 1990-Human genome project initiated 1996-Complete DNA sequence of a eukaryote (yeast) determined 1997-Nuclear cloning of a mammal (a sheep named Dolly) 2000-Arabidopsis genome sequenced 2001-Human genome sequenced 2002-Complete human gene microarrays (gene chips) available 2006-Fire & Mellow discover RNAi (gene silencing by dsRNA) 2009-FDA approves first drug produced in a genetically engineered animal (a goat) 2012-Gurdon & Yamanaka find 4 regulatory genes convert adult cells into stem cells

  4. Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which generates a wide range of commercial products

  5. Molecular Biology Model Systemshttps://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/model_organisms.html • Viruses • Bacteria (E. coli) • Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) • Round worms (Caenorhabditis elegans) • Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) • Zebrafish (Danio rerio) • Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) • Mouse (Mus musculus)

  6. Figure 1.13 Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies.

  7. Figure 1.13 (Continued) Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies. Listen to the podcast!

  8. Review protein secretion and protein targeting • Signal peptide sequences • Consider gram negative vs. gram positive bacteria • Consider eukaryotic cells • In eukaryotic cells, short peptide sequences (or other modifications) tell a protein where to go • See MCB Chapter 13 & 14-Protein sorting animations

  9. Central Dogma of Biology transcription translation $$$ DNA RNA Protein reverse transcription Molecular Biotechnology DNA replication

  10. Chemical structure of DNA and RNA

  11. Chemical structure of dsDNA

  12. Chemical structure of dsDNA

  13. Prokaryotic gene expression

  14. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the -10 and -35 regions of the promoter relative to the start site of transcription (+1) promoter operator

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