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Explore the impact of French drainage in the Mekong Delta and plantation dominance in the Philippines, leading to social transformations like the rise of landless laborers and communal tensions due to influxes of international laborers.
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d. French drainage of the Mekong Delta, ca. 1860s for rice, rubber, & tea for French planters
3. Plantation dominance – Philippines a. export agriculture of tobacco, hemp, coffee, & sugar)
b. food plantations (rice, corn, cattle, etc.) c. agriculture monoculture problems (disease, pests & market vulnerability)
B. Social Transformations 1. permanent landless agricultural laborer class 2. drastic increase in tenancy 3. permanent upper class of ruler- landowners
4. squeezed small landowner & peasants 5. no/very little social mobility 6. large internal population shifts disrupt social life
7. international importation of laborers to Burma (India) & Malaya (India & China) long-term communal- ethnic tensions