What You’ll Learn

1. What You’ll Learn 1. Distinguish between the different types of diabetes. 2. Identify the risk factors for diabetes and how to manage having diabetes. 3. Discuss ways to reduce the risk of diabetes. 4. Identify chronic health conditions and their characteristics. 5. Identify adjustments to make for different chronic health conditions.

2. Key Terms • narcolepsy • sickle-cell anemia • chronic health condition • insulin • glucose • autoimmune disease • osteoarthritis • cystic fibrosis • hemophilia • multiple sclerosis (MS)

3. Diabetes • Over 17 million people in the United States have diabetes. • Many people who have diabetes are not being treated.

4. What to Know About Diabetes • A person develops diabetes when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. • Insulin is a hormone that regulates the blood sugar level. • Diabetes disrupts metabolism, the rate at which food is converted into energy in body cells. • Glucose is a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body.

5. What to Know About Diabetes • If there is not enough insulin, or if the body does not use the insulin, glucose levels build up in theblood. • Excess glucose overflows into urine and passes out of the body. • There are three types of diabetes: insulin-dependent, non-insulin dependent, and gestational diabetes.

6. What to Know About Diabetes • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) • Diabetes in which the body does not produce insulin is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or type I diabetes. It is considered to be an autoimmune disease. • Autoimmune disease is a disease that results when the immune system produces antibodies that turn against the body’s own cells. • In IDDM, the immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin.

7. What to Know About Diabetes • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) • IDDM occurs most often in children, appears suddenly, and progresses quickly. • Symptoms of IDDM, which include increased thirst, frequent urination, and extreme tiredness, are caused by the buildup of sugar in the blood and the loss of sugar in the urine. • People with IDDM may need daily injections of insulin and a special diet.

8. What to Know About Diabetes • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or type II diabetes, is a type of diabetes in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot properly use insulin that is produced. • NIDDM appears most often in adults over age 40.

9. What to Know About Diabetes • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) • NIDDM can be treated through weight loss, diet, physical activity, and oral medications. • Symptoms include feeling tired, frequent urination, unusual thirst, and blurred vision.

10. What to Know About Diabetes • Gestational diabetes  • Diabetes that occurs in some females during pregnancy is gestational diabetes. • As in NIDDM, insulin might be produced, but the body does not respond normally to it. • Gestational diabetes usually is treated with diet and usually disappears after the birth of the baby.

11. What to Know About Diabetes How can you reduce your risk of developing diabetes?

12. What to Know About Diabetes Managing diabetes  • People who have diabetes must manage their disease by controlling their blood glucose levels with diet, exercise, and/or medication. • Diabetes can lead to blindness, heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage, and premature death.

13. What to Know About Diabetes Managing diabetes  • Monitoring blood glucose levels  • Blood testing kits are available that allow diabetics to test their own blood glucose level. • People who have diabetes may test their glucose level several times a day. • In this way, they can see how their body responds to meals, exercise, and insulin shots or oral medication.

14. What to Know About Diabetes Managing diabetes  • Methods of treatment • People who have IDDM need daily injections of insulin to keep their blood glucose levels safe. • Many people who have NIDDM are able to control their diabetes with diet and exercise exclusively, although some may need oral medication or insulin injections to lower blood glucose levels.

16. A guide to Chronic Health Conditions • A chronic health condition is a recurring and persistent condition that affects a person’s health. • More than 90 million people in the United States live with a chronic health condition. • Having knowledge of these conditions can greatly improve a person’s quality of life.

17. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Arthritis  • Arthritis is the painful inflammation of the joints. • Osteoarthritis is the wearing down of the moving parts of joints. • Rheumatoid arthritis is a condition in which joints become deformed and may lose function. • Arthritis may be treated with medications, physical therapy, physical activity, or surgery.

18. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Cerebral palsy  • Cerebral palsy is a disorder of the nervous systemthatinterfereswith musclecoordination. • Too much pressure on the head during childbirth, head injury, lead poisoning, accidental injury, and certain illnesses are possible causes. • Treatments include physical therapy and physical activity, speech therapy, devices to assist with motion, medications, or surgery.

19. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Chronic fatigue syndrome  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition in which recurring tiredness makes it difficult for a person to function in normal ways. • Symptoms include headache, sore throat, low-grade fever, fatigue, and weakness. • Treatment for CFS may include a balanced diet, adequate rest and sleep, regular physical activity, stress management, or the use of medications.

20. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Cystic fibrosis  • Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which large amounts of thick mucus are produced, affecting the lungs and pancreas. • It is caused by an abnormal gene in the body. • Signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis include coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. • Treatments may include physical therapy, medications,andoxygentohelpwithbreathing.

21. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Down syndrome  • Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a child is born with an extra chromosome in each cell. • Children born with Down syndrome have a mental disability and a slightly flattened face with upward, slanting eyes.

22. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Epilepsy  • Epilepsy is a disorder in which abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes a temporary loss of control of the mind and body. • Petit mal is a small seizure in which a person loses consciousness for a few seconds. • Grand mal is a major seizure in which a person may have convulsions.

23. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Epilepsy  • During a convulsion, the body stiffens and twitching may occur. • Epilepsy can be caused by a head injury, a brain tumor, stroke, poisoning, or an infection. • Medication is used to control seizures, along with adequate rest and regular physical activity.

24. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Hemophilia • Hemophilia is an inherited condition in which blood does not clot normally. • Hemophilia occurs almost exclusively in males. • Treatment for a person with hemophilia includes avoiding injuries that can cause bleeding, learning how to manage bleeding, and blood transfusions.

25. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Migraine headache  • A migraine headache is severe head pain that is caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the brain. • The symptoms may include severe throbbing, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting. • Treatments for migraines include medications to reduce pain, rest and relaxation, stress management, and management of conditions that may lead to headaches.

26. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Multiple sclerosis  • Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a disease in which the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed. • People who have MS experience tingling and numbness in the body and may feel tired and dizzy. • While there is no cure for MS, treatment includes physical therapy, medications, and avoidanceofstress andextremetemperatures.

27. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Muscular dystrophy  • Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease in which the muscles progressively deteriorate. • While there is no cure, treatment includes physical therapy and physical activity, weight management, surgery in some cases, and canes and wheelchairs to improve mobility.

28. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Narcolepsy • Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder in which people are excessively sleepy, even after adequate nighttime sleep. • People who have narcolepsy often become drowsy and fall asleep in inappropriate situations. • The cause of narcolepsy is unknown. There is no cure for narcolepsy, although medication can be used to control sleepiness.

29. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Parkinson’s disease  • Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that causes muscle tremors, stiffness, and weakness. • Signs and symptoms include rigid posture, slow movement, fixed facial expression, and a shuffling walk. • Treatment includes medications, physical therapy, and surgery.

30. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Peptic ulcer  • A peptic ulcer is an open sore on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine. • A peptic ulcer is caused by a bacterial infection, which is treated with an antibiotic. • Bleeding ulcers require emergency treatment.

31. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Sickle-cell anemia  • Sickle-cell anemia is an inherited blood disease in which the red blood cells carry less oxygen. • Sickle-cell anemia occurs primarily in African-Americans.

32. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Sickle-cell anemia  • The red blood cells of people who have sickle-cell anemia are sickle-shaped and are fragile and easily destroyed. • The sickle-shaped cells do not easily pass through tiny blood vessels.

33. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Sickle-cell anemia  • Symptoms include fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath. • Although there is no cure, treatment includes immunization against communicable diseases, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, medications, and fluids to prevent dehydration.

34. What to Know About Chronic Health Conditions • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a condition in which connective tissue becomes inflamed. • SLE affects the skin, kidneys, joints, muscles, and central nervous system. • Symptoms include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, joint pain, and weight loss. • SLE can be treated with medications.

36. Study Guide 1. Match the following terms and definitions. ___ systemic lupus erythematosus ___ peptic ulcer ___ muscular dystrophy ___ rheumatoid arthritis ___ cerebral palsy A. an open sore on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine B. a condition in which joints become deformed and may lose function C. a condition in which connective tissue becomes inflamed D. a disorder of the nervous system that interferes with muscular coordination E. a genetic disease in which the muscles progressively deteriorate C A E B D

37. 2D Study Guide 2. Identify the following statements as true or false. _______ A peptic ulcer is caused by stress. _______ There is no cure for multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy. _______ Narcolepsy is caused by lack of sleep. _______ Hemophilia occurs almost exclusively in males. false true false true

38. Study Guide 3. Identify and define the two types of seizures a person with epilepsy may have. A person with epilepsy may have either a petit mal or grand mal seizure. A petit mal seizure is a small seizure in which a person loses consciousness for a few seconds. A grand mal seizure is a major seizure in which a person may have convulsions.

39. End of the Lesson

40. Lesson Resources tx.healthmh.com/diabetes tx.healthmh.com/chronic_health_conditions tx.healthmh.com/study_guide

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