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Splash Screen. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Independence in Africa Section 2: Conflict in the Middle East Visual Summary. Chapter Menu. How can different groups claim one city?

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Independence in Africa Section 2:Conflict in the Middle East Visual Summary Chapter Menu

  3. How can different groups claim one city? The Western Wall or Kotel in Jerusalem is the remains of the ancient Second Temple of King Herod, destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70. It is considered to be Judaism’s holiest site. A Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, now stands in the approximate location of the Western Wall. It is one of the holiest places in Islam. In this chapter you will learn about modern history in the Middle East and Africa. • Why are conflicts in Jerusalem an obstacle to peace in the Middle East today? • What national landmarks hold special meaning for Americans? Chapter Intro

  4. Chapter Intro

  5. Chapter Intro

  6. Independence in Africa What challenges faced newly independent countries in Africa? Chapter Intro 1

  7. Conflict in the Middle East What conditions led to conflict in the Middle East? Chapter Intro 2

  8. Chapter Preview-End

  9. The BIG Idea Self-DeterminationAfter achieving independence from their colonial rulers, many African nations faced political, economic, social, and health challenges. Section 1-Main Idea

  10. Content Vocabulary • apartheid • Pan-Africanism • AIDS Academic Vocabulary • goal • diverse Section 1-Key Terms

  11. People and Places • Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah • South Africa • Jomo Kenyatta • Kenya • Julius Nyerere • Liberia • Nigeria • Rwanda • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Sudan • Nelson Mandela • Desmond Tutu • Chinua Achebe • Noni Jabavu Section 1-Key Terms

  12. A B Do you think there is a wide gap in lifestyle, culture, and technology between rural areas and cities in the U.S.? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

  13. Independence and New Nations After gaining their independence, many African states faced political, economic, social, and health challenges. Section 1

  14. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana, the first British colony in Africa to gain independence. • In South Africa, whites dominated the government and implemented a system of racial segregation called apartheid. • Blacks organized the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for economic and political reform. Independent Africa Section 1

  15. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • The newly independent nations of Africa chose different economic systems to try to stabilize their countries. • Jomo Kenyattaof Kenya and Mobuto Sese Seko of the Democratic Republic of the Congo both implemented Western-style capitalism. • Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sekou Toure of Guinea all instituted an “African form of socialism.” Section 1

  16. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • Several African leaders supported Pan-Africanism, a movement to unite all black Africans regardless of national boundaries. • Challenges faced by the new nations of Africa: • Corruption • Inexperienced leaders • Poverty, food shortages, and droughts • Overpopulation and pollution in cities Section 1

  17. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • Inefficient sanitation and transportation systems • Gap between rich and poor • AIDS and other diseases • Many nations relied on the export of a single crop or natural resource, making it difficult for African nations to maintain economic growth. Section 1

  18. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • Liberia depended on the export of rubber, while Nigeria relied on oil. • The effects of colonialism caused problems and instability in the new nations. • Fighting between Hutu and Tutsi created unstable governments in Rwandaand Burundi. • The Hutu began a brutal campaign of genocide against the Tutsis, killing at least 500,000. Section 1

  19. Independence and New Nations (cont.) • When Tutsi rebels gained control, millions of Hutus fled the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Tutsi then invaded the DRC, creating a civil war in which 3.5 million people died. • Sudan was also hurt by ethnic violence. • In Darfur, Arab militants attacked African tribal groups with support of the Arab-led governments. Despite a truce in May 2006, fighting continues. Section 1

  20. A B C D In South Africa, whites implemented a system of racial segregation called A.Pan-Africanism B.Mau Mau C.Apartheid D.African socialism Section 1

  21. New Hopes Dictators fell in several African nations, and apartheid ended in South Africa. Section 1

  22. New Hopes (cont.) • Uganda ousted its repressive and violent dictator. • Dictatorships came to an end in Ethiopia, Liberia, and Somalia. However, bloody civil wars followed the fall of these regimes. • Bishop Desmond Tutu and others worked to free Nelson Mandela and end apartheid. Section 1

  23. New Hopes (cont.) • After being imprisoned for almost 26 years, Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994. Section 1

  24. A B C D What finally ended apartheid in South Africa? A.A new dictator B.African National Congress C.Pan-Africanism D.Worldwide pressure Section 1

  25. Society and Culture Tension between old and new, native and foreign, affects African society. Section 1

  26. Society and Culture (cont.) • Most African cities today resemble cities elsewhere in the world. • Millions of people throughout the countryside live as their ancestors did, without modern technology. • People in rural areas farm, hunt, or raise livestock by traditional methods, dress traditionally, and practice traditional beliefs. • In most areas, women are allowed to vote and run for political office. Section 1

  27. Society and Culture (cont.) • Women are treated more equally in the cities than they are in the countryside, where traditional attitudes prevail. • Western style has influenced all aspects of African life. • Many African artists are trying to strike a balance between traditional African style and Western technique. Section 1

  28. Society and Culture (cont.) • Writers often address the dilemmas that modern Africans face, such as town versus country. • Chinua Achebe and Noni Jabavu both characterize the challenges to Africans of urbanization and westernization. Section 1

  29. A B C D How much of the population in Africa lives outside the major cities? A.10% B.25% C.50% D.75% Section 1

  30. Section 1-End

  31. The BIG Idea Competition Among CountriesRecurring violence and continuing efforts at international mediation have been the norm in the Middle East for decades. Section 2-Main Idea

  32. Content Vocabulary • Pan-Arabism • intifada Academic Vocabulary • resolution • issue Section 2-Key Terms

  33. People and Places • Zionists • Israel • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Sinai Peninsula • West Bank • Anwar el-Sadat • OPEC • Menachem Begin • Yasir Arafat • Iran • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Iraq • Saddam Hussein Section 2-Key Terms

  34. People and Places • Kuwait • Persian Gulf • Osama bin Laden • al-Qaeda • Naguib Mahfouz Section 2-Key Terms

  35. A B Do you think the United Nations has been effective in its efforts toward world peace? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

  36. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis Israel was founded as a Jewish state in 1948, but many Palestinian Arabs refused to recognize it. Section 2

  37. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) • After World War I, many Jews migrated to Palestine, the area Zionists claimed to be their promised land. • In 1947 the United Nations declared that Palestine should be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state. • The Muslim neighbors invaded the new Jewish state. The invasion was unsuccessful, but the Arab states still refused to recognize Israel. Arab-Israeli Disputes Section 2

  38. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) • After coming to power in Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by Great Britain and France, starting the Suez War of 1956. • The United States and the Soviet Union both supported Egypt, forcing Great Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw. • After the war, Nasser promoted Pan-Arabism, hoping to unite all Arabic-speaking peoples. Section 2

  39. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) • The conflict between Israel and other states in the Middle East continued to escalate, and in 1967 Egypt imposed a blockade against Israeli shipping. • As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula, territory on the West Bank of Jordan, and the Golan Heights, tripling the size of its territory. Modern Middle East Section 2

  40. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) • In 1973 Egypt and Syria led a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. In connection with the war, the Organization of Oil Producing Countries (OPEC) announced large price increases to foreign countries, leading to serious oil shortages and economic problems in the West. Section 2

  41. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) • In 1978 U.S. president Jimmy Carter met with President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David in the United States. • The result was the Camp David Accords, an agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty and commitment of the Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. Section 2

  42. A B C D Why were some Arab countries skeptical of Pan-Arabism? A.They did not want to share their wealth. B.They did not want price controls on oil. C.They were suspicious of Syria. D.They wanted to form OPEC instead. Section 2

  43. The Ongoing Crisis The turmoil in the Middle East continues into the twenty-first century. Section 2

  44. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • In 1964 the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to represent Palestinian interests. • PLO political leaderYasir Arafat headed a guerrilla movement called al-Fatah. • Palestinian Arabs became increasingly frustrated by the 1980s and led an intifada in Israeli territory. Section 2

  45. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • Through the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993, Israel agreed that the PLO would control a semi-independent area. In return, the PLO recognized the Israeli state. • In 2006 the electoral victory by majority members of Hamas brought new obstacles to peace with their position that rejects Israel’s right to exist. • Iran experienced an Islamic revolution after the country became rich from oil revenues. Section 2

  46. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an opposition that caused the government to collapse. • In 1979 Khomeini implemented an Islamic republic and restored Islamic law. Militants held 52 Americans hostage in the U.S. embassy for over a year. • After Khomeini’s death, some Iranians pushed for reforms, and in 2005 a new president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was elected. Section 2

  47. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • Saddam Hussein led Iraq beginning in 1979. • Iran and Iraq have long had a tense relationship. Iranians are mostly Shia Muslims, and Iraqi leaders under Saddam Hussein were mostly Sunni Muslims. • Hussein waged a brutal war against Iran in 1980. The war ended with a cease-fire in 1988. Section 2

  48. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • In 1990 Hussein sent troops to seize Kuwait, located at the head of the PersianGulf. • The United States led the international coalition that freed Kuwait and hoped that Hussein would be overthrown. • In 1979 the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and occupied the country for 10 years. Section 2

  49. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • The United States and Pakistan supported anti-Communist rebels, such as the Taliban, who eventually ousted the Soviet Union. • The Taliban took control of Kabul in 1996, and two years later controlled two-thirds of Afghanistan. • The Taliban provided support for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, which recruited Muslims to drive Westerners out of Muslim nations. Section 2

  50. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.) • Osama bin Laden led the attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States. The United States retaliated by leading a coalition of forces against the Taliban in Afghanistan. • The Taliban was replaced in 2001, by a moderate government, which still faces warfare among tribal groups and a revival of Taliban forces. Section 2

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