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Peer Review

Peer Review. African Peer Review Mechanism. The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) is a mutually agreed instrument voluntarily acceded to by the member states of the African Union (AU) as a self-monitoring mechanism. It was founded in 2003. African Peer Review Mechanism.

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Peer Review

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  1. Peer Review https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  2. African Peer Review Mechanism • The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) is a mutually agreed instrument voluntarily acceded to by the member states of the African Union (AU) as a self-monitoring mechanism. It was founded in 2003. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  3. African Peer Review Mechanism • The mandate of the APRM is to encourage conformity in regard to political, economic and corporate governance values, codes and standards, among African countries and the objectives in socio-economic development within the New Partnership for Africa's Development. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  4. African Peer Review Mechanism Origins of APRM • The 37th Summit of the Organisation of African Unity held in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia, adopted a document setting out a new vision for the revival and development of Africa—which was to become known as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  5. African Peer Review Mechanism Origins of APRM • In July 2002, the Durban AU summit supplemented NEPAD with a Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  6. African Peer Review Mechanism Origins of APRM • The Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance also committed participating states to establish an African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) to promote adherence to and fulfilment of its commitments. The Durban summit adopted a document setting out the stages of peer review and the principles by which the APRM should operate. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  7. African Peer Review Mechanism Origins of APRM • In March 2003, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee, meeting in Abuja, Nigeria, adopted a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on the APRM https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  8. African Peer Review Mechanism Participation • The APRM is a voluntary mechanism open to any AU country . A country formally joins the APRM upon depositing the signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) of March 9, 2003 at the NEPAD Secretariat. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  9. African Peer Review Mechanism Participation • As of early-2012, 33 countries had formally joined the APRM by signing the MOU on the APRM https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  10. African Peer Review Mechanism Review • The APRM process is based on a "self-assessment" questionnaire developed by the APR Secretariat https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  11. African Peer Review Mechanism Review • Before the questionnaire was adopted and after the initial plans for the APRM were laid down by South Africa and others, some press reports stated that, after pressure from other African countries like Nigeria and Libya, Thabo Mbeki changed his mind and did not want political governance to be included within the APRM reviews https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  12. African Peer Review Mechanism Types of review • As originally envisaged in the APRM Base Document adopted at the AU Durban summit in 2002, there are four types of review: 1- Base review: This is carried out within eighteen months of a country becoming member of the APRM; 2- Periodic review: Every two to four years; 3- Requested review: Any country can request an additional review for its own reasons; 4- ‘Crisis’ review: Early signs of impending political or economic crisis would also be sufficient cause to institute a review. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  13. African Peer Review Mechanism Types of review • However, in practice, it seems likely that only base reviews will be conducted for the foreseeable future: the review process for the first four countries—Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius and Rwanda—has taken at least eighteen months (Ghana) and perhaps up to three years or more (Mauritius), since they were first announced in Kigali in February 2004. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  14. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Forum • This is the Committee of the Heads of State and Government of the countries voluntarily participating in the APRM. It is the highest decision-making body and could be considered like the board of directors which has the final say over the whole process. They appoint the , look after the funding, discuss the country reports, apply the peer pressure and transmit the reports to the relevant AU structures. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  15. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Panel • This can be considered as the management or the executive of the APRM that directs and manages its operations https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  16. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Panel • The panel consists of 7 eminent persons of ‘high moral stature and demonstrated commitment to the ideals of Pan Africanism’ who, moreover, have ‘expertise in the areas of political governance, macro-economic management, public financial management and corporate governance’ https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  17. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Panel • Each country to be reviewed is assigned to one of the seven eminent persons, who consider and review reports, and make recommendations to the APR Forum. As of July 2006, the seven ‘eminent persons’ were: Marie Angelique Savane (Senegal), Chairperson; Adebayo Adedeji (Nigeria); Bethuel Kiplagat (Kenya); Graça Machel (Mozambique); Mohammed Babes (Algeria, replacing the original Algerian appointee, Mourad Medelci); Dorothy Njeuma (Cameroon); and Chris Stals (South Africa). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  18. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Panel • On 30 January 2012,former Deputy President of South Africa, Baleka Mbete, was elected at the 16th Summit of the Committee of Participating Heads of State and Government of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APR Forum)to sit on the Panel of Eminent Persons https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  19. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Secretariat • The Secretariat provides ‘the secretarial, technical, coordinating and administrative support services for the APRM’. It is ‘supervised directly by the Chairperson of the APR Panel at the policy level and in the day-to-day management and administration by an Executive Officer’. The Secretariat is based in Midrand, South Africa, not far from the NEPAD secretariat. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  20. African Peer Review Mechanism APR Country Review Team • They are appointed by the APR Panel, one of whose members heads the team, and are ‘constituted only for the period of the country review visit’. Their composition is ‘carefully designed to enable an integrated, balanced, technically competent and professional assessment of the reviewed country’. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  21. African Peer Review Mechanism APR focal point • It should also, in conjunction with the National Co-ordinating mechanism, ‘develop, co-ordinate and implement the in-country mechanisms of preparing for peer review and hosting the country review team during the review visit’ https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  22. African Peer Review Mechanism National co-ordinating structure • In addition, together with the Focal point it should ‘develop, co-ordinate and implement the in-country mechanisms of preparing for peer review and hosting the country review team during the review visit’ https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  23. African Peer Review Mechanism Preliminary phase or ‘Support Mission’ • The country support mission primary purpose is to ‘ensure a common understanding of the philosophy, rules and processes of the APRM’ and to help countries who need support with ‘aspects of the national processes’ https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  24. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage one • The first stage is preparatory for both the APR Secretariat and the national authorities https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  25. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage two • In the second stage the review team will visit the country and ‘carry out the widest possible range of consultations with the government, officials, political parties, parliamentarians and representatives of civil society organizations (including the media, academia, trade unions, business, professional bodies)’. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  26. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage three • In the third stage the draft report is compiled https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  27. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage four • The review team's report and the final Programme of Action compiled by the Government, is sent to the APR Secretariat and the APR Panel. Then the report is submitted to the APR Forum of participating heads of state and government for consideration and formulation of actions deemed necessary . https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  28. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage four • It is at this stage that the actual ‘peer pressure’ is applied if necessary https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  29. African Peer Review Mechanism Stage five • According the paragraph 25 of the base document the report ‘should be formally and publicly tabled in key regional and sub-regional structures such as the Pan-African Parliament, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the […] Peace and Security Council (PSC) [inaugurated in May 2004], and the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) of the African Union.’. This is when the report will be publicly available. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  30. African Peer Review Mechanism After the review • A country is then supposed to implement its Programme of Action. Implicit in the whole APRM formula is that foreign donors would kick in here and bear some, if not a large part, of the cost connected to the implementation of this plan of action that is supposed to improve the identified shortcomings in governance. After this base review is concluded, a periodic review should follow every two to four years. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  31. African Peer Review Mechanism Funding • The APRM is primarily funded by contributions from participating countries, and funds from "development partners" such as Canada, the United Kingdom and the UNDP. The APRM reported contributions of some US$17.3 million in 2007, with US$10.5 million coming from development partners. Many member states failed to meet the minimum contribution of $100,000. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  32. African Peer Review Mechanism APRM documents • Memorandum of Understanding on the APRM The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  33. African Peer Review Mechanism APRM documents • Guidelines Guidelines for Countries to prepare for and participate in the APRM https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  34. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • An Analysis of the Implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism in Ghana, Kenya and Mauritius Grant Masterson, EISA, February 2005 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  35. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Critical review of the African Peer Review Mechanism Process in Rwanda Report by Ligue des Droits de la Personne dans la Région des Grands Lacs (LDGL), January 2007 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  36. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Strategies for promoting effective stakeholder participation in the African Peer Review Mechanism, UNECA, 2005 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  37. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Inadequately Self-Critical: Rwanda’s Self-Assessment for the African Peer Review Mechanism Eduard Jordaan, African Affairs, April 2006 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  38. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Effective Stakeholder Participation. in the APRM Process for the Promotion. of Democratic Governance:. A Case Study of Ghana, Eric Opoku, UNDP, December 2006 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  39. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Ghana and the APRM: A Critical Assessment, Adotey Bing-Pappoe, AfriMAP & OSIWA, June 2007 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  40. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • The African Peer Review Mechanism in Mauritius: Lessons from Phase I Sheila Bunwaree, AfriMAP & OSISA, August 2007 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  41. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Further analysis of the African Peer Review Mechanism and the ECA/OECD-DAC Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in the context of NEPAD Report to the UN High Level Task Force on the Implementation of the Right to Development, January 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  42. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • The African Peer Review Mechanism: Lessons from the Pioneers, Ross Herbert and Steven Gruzd, South African Institute of International Affairs, March 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  43. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Civil Society Participation in Uganda’s APRM Process Juliet Nakato Odoi, SAIIA, June 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  44. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Assessing South Africa’s APRM: An NGO Perspective, Nick Hutchings, Mukelani Dimba, and Alison Tilley, SAIIA, June 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  45. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Addressing the African Peer Review Mechanism's Programmes of Action, Faten Aggad, SAIIA, June 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  46. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Understanding APRM Research: Planning, Process and Politics. A Practical Handbook for Peer Review Research, George Katito, SAIIA, June 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  47. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • The African Peer Review Process in Nigeria, Adele Jinadu, AfriMAP, August 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  48. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Benin and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Consolidating Democratic Achievements Gilles Badet, AfriMAP, August 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  49. African Peer Review Mechanism Critiques and studies of the APRM process • Media Freedom, Transparency and Governance, Raymond Louw, SAIIA, September 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

  50. Software inspection - Peer Reviews • The elements of Peer Reviews include the structured review process, standard of excellence product checklists, defined roles of participants, and the forms and reports. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-peer-review-toolkit.html

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