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Pilosa

Pilosa. By, Kirk Kunnen. Pilosa Facts. Pilosa in Latin means hairy Contains anteaters and sloths Found only in the Americas today Central and South America Origins are unclear but can be traced back to South America in the early Tertiary. Phylogeny. Anteater Families. Cyclopediae

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Pilosa

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  1. Pilosa By, Kirk Kunnen

  2. Pilosa Facts • Pilosa in Latin means hairy • Contains anteaters and sloths • Found only in the Americas today • Central and South America • Origins are unclear but can be traced back to South America in the early Tertiary

  3. Phylogeny

  4. Anteater Families • Cyclopediae • Silky Anteater • Myrmecophagidae • Giant Anteater • Northern Tamandua • Southern Tamandua /

  5. Anteaters Characteristics • Specialized to eat ants and termites • Jaws • Became longer snouts • Teeth have been reduced • Tongues have became longer • Spine covered • Very strong forelimbs and claws • For digging up termite nest and ant hills • Opening up tree bark • Can be used in defense against jaguars (Giant anteater) • Walk on knuckles with claws curved under http://animal.discovery.com/search/results.html?focus=video&query=anteaters&search

  6. Adaptive Radiation

  7. Sloth Families • Suborder Folivora • Bradypodidae • Pygmy Three-toed sloth • Brown-throated Three-toed sloth • Pale-throated Three-toed sloth • Maned Three-toed sloth

  8. Sloths Families cont. • Megalonychidae • Hoffman’s Two-toed sloth • Southern Two-toed sloth

  9. Extinct ground sloths Families20,000 years ago • Megatheriidae • megatheriid ground sloths • Mylodontidae • Myylodontid ground sloths • Orophodontidae • orophodontid ground sloths • Scelidotheriidae • Scelidotheriid ground sloths

  10. Sloth Characteristics • Long curved claws used to hang from branches • Slow moving • Specialized in eating leaves • Canine teeth have receded • Now have ever growing peg-like molars • Tree dwelling • Hang upside down • Can swim and move about on the ground if they have to • Fur on their stomach curves to the back to shed rain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndMKTnSRsKM

  11. Case study • Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, and Food Consumption in Three-Toed Sloths (Bradypusvariegatus) • Kenneth Nagy and Gene Montgomery • Study covered • Field energy metabolism • Water fluxes • Efficiency of food consumption • Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone

  12. Case study • Background • Have a resting metabolic rate less than half that of a typical placental mammal • Move slowly • Muscles and nerves function more slowly than typical mammals • The effect of these traits influence there net energetic cost and attendant food requirements

  13. Case Study • Methods • Used doubly labeled water to estimate field energy metabolism and water flux • The decline in hydrogen isotope in a doubly labeled animal is water flux • The washout rates of the isotopes in a measure of CO2 production (metabolic rate) • Food Consumption • Fecal and stomach samples were taken • Analyzed for manganese concentration and energy content in order to estimate dry matter and energy assimilation

  14. Case study • Results • Water influx and efflux where nearly equal • Metabolic rates where highest in males and least in nonreproductive females but the difference was not significant • Diet provides 10.4 metabolizable kJ (g dry food)^-1

  15. Case study Findings • Energy Metabolism • Aspects that contribute to low energy requirements • Low and variable body temperature • Behavioral thermoregulation • Large portion of body mass as metabolically inactive material • Heat-conserving retemirabile in blood vessels in limbs • Slow acting muscle and nerve fibers • Water fluxes • Approximate water balance • Gets all of it’s water requirement from young and old leaves • Energy assimilation • Assimilation efficiency depends on the mix of leaves in the gut

  16. Main Points • Adaptations for specific foods • Anteaters • Forelimbs and Claws • Snout and Tongue • Sloth • Live in trees • Move slow • Have a common ancestor to armadillos • Sloth Digestion and metabolism • Traits that require low energy requirments • Slow metabolism

  17. Sources • http://www.mammalsrus.com/eutheria/pilosa/pilosa.html • Nagy, Kenneth A., and G. Gene Montgomery. "Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, and Food Consumption in Three-Toed Sloths (BradypusVariegatus)." Journal of Mammalogy 61.3 (1980): 465-72. Print. Pictures • http://www.blurtit.com/q7510327.html • http://bushwarriors.wordpress.com/2010/10/06/iucn-species-of-the-day-silky-anteater/ • http://www.houstonzooblogs.org/zoo/tag/houston/page/3 • http://www.anteaters.com/tamanduas/ • http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/eat5.htm • http://www.thefullwiki.org/Evidence_of_common_descent • http://www.learnanimals.com/pale-throated-three-toed-sloth/ • http://animalnewsoftheworld.blogspot.com/ • http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=63 • http://www.naturfoto-cz.de/brown-throated-three-toed-sloth:bradypus-variegatus-photo-1308.html • http://www.junglewalk.com/info/mammals-information.htm • http://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/anteaters_relatives/linnaeuss_two_toed_sloth.html • http://www.flickr.com/photos/seabird/3076501058/ • http://www.coloring-pictures.net/drawings/IceAge/Sid-ground-sloth.php • http://www.flickr.com/photos/jewing/2540054220/ • http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.500.503

  18. Questions

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