Impacts of Integrating EVs into Electric Power Grids P2030.1 TF2 Draft Report

1. Impacts of Integrating EVs into Electric Power Grids P2030.1 TF2 Draft Report IEVC Conference, Greenville, SC March 8, 2012 ML Chan, PhD, ML Consulting Group (TF2 Lead) Jim Hall, AKF Group (Subgroup Lead) Laura Manning , OPPD (Subgroup Lead) Mike Henderson, ISO-NE (Subgroup Lead) Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos, Cardiff University (Subgroup Lead)

2. Overview of IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Report ML Chan, PhD Sr. Vice President ML Consulting Group manloongchan@gmail.com

3. Objectives of TF2 Report • IEEE Standard Association activities; to provide guidelines for development standards for integrating EVs into electric grid • TF1 – EV Technology; TF3 - Cybersecurity & IT Infrastructure; TF4 – Communications & Cybersecurity; TF5 – Battery Technology; TF6 – Chargers & Charging; • TF2: Impacts on Energy Supply, Transmission, Distribution and Customer Sectors; part of P2030.1 report • EVs include • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs,) • Extended Range Electric Vehicles ( EREVs) • Battery-powered Electric Vehicles ( BEVs) • Fleet Electric Vehicles

4. Impacts Considered • Long term system resource planning case • Capacity issues • System reliability • Power system operations case • Each case with 2 scenarios • EVs acting as a load • EVs acting a source (V2H or V2G) • Each scenario with 2 vehicle charging cases • Uncontrolled charging • Controlled charging (e.g., electricity TOD rates)

5. EV Charging Load Shapes • The most critical driver to understand and predict EV impacts on grids that vary by • Electrical subsystem (substation/distribution transformers) • Weather region (lifestyles) • Urban/suburb/rural areas • Income level • Roaming pattern • Further complicated by EVs serving as source, in addition to serving as load

6. Detailed Grid Impacts • Customer grid impacts (Jim Hall, AKF Group) • Distribution system impacts (Laura Manning, OPPD) • Transmission system impacts (Mike Henderson, ISO-NE) • Generation system impacts (Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos, Cardiff University) • Format of discussion on each sector’s impacts • Presentation by each Subgroup Lead • Comments/Inputs at the end of each presentation

7. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Henry Chao, New York ISO Liana Cipcigan, Cardiff University, UK Thomas Domitrovich,  Eaton Corporation, PA, USA Dr Fainan Hassan, Alstom T&D Aoife Foley, University College Cork & Queen's College, Belfast Iñaki Grau, Cardiff University, UK Rao Konidena, MISO Jeremy Landt ,Transcore Don Marabell, GE Energy

8. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Tony McGrail, US National Grid Brian McMillan, Greater Sudbury Hydro Inc., ON, Canada Patti Metro, NRECA Dale Osborn, MISO Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Cardiff University, UK Bob Saint, NRECA, VA, USA Jose Salazar, Southern California Edison, CA, USA Steve Widergren, PNL Mulu T. Woldeyohannes, Baker Hughes, TX, USA

9. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors • John Bzura, ISO-NE • Robert Leavy, Gannett Fleming Transit & Rail Systems

10. Impacts on Customer Side of the Grid By James Hall, AKF Group jhall@akfgroup.com

11. Impacts on Customer’s ServiceOverview • Modes of Operation • Charging Only – EVs acting purely as a load • Source V2H – No Net-Metering • Source V2G – With Net-Metering • Impact of Smart Meter Integration • Information will have to be conveyed between customer’s charging equipment, meter, and grid operations. • May have a significant impact on today’s IT grid.

12. Impacts on Customer’s ServiceOverview • Specific Impacts • Residential • Characterized by single phase services consisting of equipment and capacities largely dictated by building codes. • Many customers served by a single distribution transformer and feeder. • Currently utility rates are flat with little use of time-of-use rates. • Commercial • Larger generally 3-phase distribution systems. • Rates are generally complex time-of-use with seasonal ratcheting. • Impacts are minimal for other than large fleet operations. • Work • Using this term to define the special situation where employees plug-in and charge their EVs on their employer’s property. • Mass Transit • EVs as busses plugged in and charging during evening hours.

13. Impacts on Customer’s ServiceOverview • Unique Characteristics of Customer’s Impacts. • Impacts are building code driven. • Infrastructure upgrades may be required to satisfy codes while actual impact to the grid is minimal. • Impacts are a function of the level of charging. Faster charging rate equates to a larger connected load. • In the case of a bi-directional charger the size of the connection to a main panel is limited by code to 20% of the size of the existing main (Assuming the size of the main is matched to the bus). • Consideration should be given to minimize the impact on existing facility’s service and equipment.

14. EVs acting as a Load • Load Issues • Additional load – entire charger load impacts equipment – No Diversity • Available Fault Currents • On-Vehicle chargers will be subject to varying range of available fault currents. • Power Quality Issues • Non-Linear Loads • Chargers will have to be single phase resulting in voltage balance issues.

15. EVs acting as a LoadHome Energy Management Systems (HEMS) • HEMS may be used to coordinate household electric appliance loads with vehicle charging. • The EV charger may be added to the HEMS as another appliance to be controlled. • The HEMS may control the starting, stopping, and rate of charging to coordinate with the cycling of air conditioning compressors and hot water heaters. • Cycling these loads to maintain an existing domestic load profile may delay the loading of distribution system components. • Without Time-of-Use rates the customer will not have the incentive to coordinate his demand.

16. EVs Acting as a LoadSpecific Issues • Residential Customers • Very easy to provide an on-board charger that will require infrastructure upgrades • Commercial Customers • Small impact except in the case of large fleet operations • Work • Impact on existing facilities service may be large – May require a dedicated service for vehicle charging stations. • Mass Transportation • Charging load may be significant relative to transit hub facility load.

17. EVs Acting as a Source V2H • Connection Issues • Parallel sources connected to a common bus. Sum of sources cannot exceed bus rating. • Source of additional fault current • Coordination and Protection Issues • Islanding • Synchronization – assurances required to prevent closing an intermediate switch while discharging. • Power Quality Issues • DC Injection • Harmonics

18. EVs Acting as a Source V2HSpecific Issues • Residential Issues • Chargers should be limited in size to preclude the requirement for service upgrades. • Typical residential panel (100A or 200A) will be limited to a 20A or 40A (4.8 or 9.8 kVA) inverter connection. • Commercial Issues • May have connection point issues as utilities require parallel sources to be connected at the PCC. • May only be practical when operating schedules coordinate with utility time-of-use rates. • Work • May only be practical by installing dedicated single phase services directly to charging stations equipped with smart metering technology.

19. EVs Acting as a Source V2G • Special Net-Meters are Required • Metering Configurations • Single meter location – Not good for V2G. No special rates can be applied for ancillary services. • Series Meter – meter downstream of service main in dedicated charger circuit. Measures only chargers imported/exported power. • Parallel Metering – A second service to a facility dedicated to charging equipment.

20. EVs Acting as a Source V2GSpecific Issues • Residential Customers • Will require serial or parallel metering • Of little benefit without AMI • Commercial Customers • Again, only practical for special situations where coordinate well with utility rates. • Work • Will require a dedicated charging service from the utility since single phase sources cannot be connected to three phase systems. • May impact commercial facilities IT infrastructure. • Mass Transportation • The large batteries will provide a large centralized source to the grid. • This source will only be available during off-peak hours.

21. Comments please!

22. Impacts on Distribution Systems By Laura Manning, OPPD ljmanning@oppd.com

23. Distribution System Section • Impacts Covered • From Distribution Substation • To Distribution Transformer • Secondary • Step Down to Customer Voltage • Existing &Future Distributed Generation • Micro-grid • Individual DG

24. Distribution System ImpactsOverview • Long-term Planning Effects • Loads or Sources: Thermal Loading, Reactive losses and/or Inductive additions, Phase Imbalance, Asset Upgrade & Optimization, Advanced Metering • Loads: Greater magnitude than traditional incremental additions • Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation, Vehicle sourcing considerations and limitations • System Operations Effects • Loads or Sources: System Protection, Power Quality, Power Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability, Frequency Regulation/Synchronism, Phasing, Interactive Voltage Control/Phased Switching, Reactive Power Management, Demand Side Management, Controlled Import/Export from/to Grid, Cyber Security • Loads: Greater magnitude than traditional incremental additions, Grid Stability/Reliability • Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation, System Protection, Power Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability, Utility Personnel and Public Safety

25. Long-term / Planning Effects • Uncontrolled Charging • Higher Peaks • Lower Valleys • Higher Costs • Controlled Charging/Discharging • Voltage Support • Charging Stations Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) • Voltage Support & Control • Rapid Real Power Transfer • Frequency Regulation • Load Following

26. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Thermal Loading (United States) • Plug-in vehicle type and range (100 - 120 V for 60 Hz freq.) SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler Distribution System Impacts

27. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Thermal Loading (Europe) • Plug-in vehicle type and range (220 - 240 V for 50 Hz freq.) IEC 61851-1 Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements Distribution System Impacts

28. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Thermal Loading • PEV market share and distribution Distribution System Impacts

29. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Thermal Loading • PEV market share and distribution Distribution System Impacts

30. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Thermal Loading • Typical charging/discharging profiles and peak demand/reverse power levels • Spatial vs. roaming load distribution • Mass electric transit systems • Reactive losses and/or Inductive additions • Phase Imbalance Distribution System Impacts

31. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Asset Upgrade & Optimization • Distribution Transformer • Primary Lateral • Three Phase Feeder • Substation Equipment • Advanced Metering • Transmit Demand & Supply Management • Receive VIN, Demand & Supply Management Distribution System Impacts

32. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting as Sources • EVs Acting as Loads • Forward power flow perspective • Magnitude > Traditional Incremental Load • Challenging to model • EVs Acting as Sources • Reverse power flow on unidirectional assets • Resemble distributed generation during discharge • Equipment capable of bi-directional operation • Vehicle sourcing considerations and limitations Distribution System Impacts

33. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads or Sources • System Protection – Relay Adaptability • Operation caused by poor power quality • Operation due to variations in AC frequency • Misoperation due to Harmonic distortion/heating • Power Quality • Harmonics impact to connected components • Flicker • EMC/EMI • Power Conditioning • Voltage Regulators • Capacitor Banks Distribution System Impacts

34. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources • Grid Stability / Reliability • Service Interruption & Restoration • Frequency Regulation / Synchronism • Phasing • Interactive Voltage Control / Phased Switching • Reactive Power Management • Demand Side Management (DSM) • Controlled Charge/Import & Discharge/Export • Cyber Security Distribution System Impacts

35. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting as Sources • EVs Acting as Loads • Forward power flow perspective • Magnitude > Traditional incremental additions • Challenging to model for grid stability/reliability • EVs Acting as Sources • Reverse power flow on unidirectional assets • Resemble distributed generation during discharge • Equipment capable of bi-directional operation • System Protection • Islanding Detection • Bi-directional Power Flow Distribution System Impacts

36. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Sources • EVs Acting as Sources • Power Conditioning • Voltage Regulators • Mitigate Intermittency • Additional Reactive Power • Grid Stability / Reliability • Service Interruption and Restoration • Potential Hunting • Subtransient voltage and current dynamics • Utility Personnel and Public Safety • Anti-Islanding (IEEE 1547) Distribution System Impacts

37. Summary • Design power charge/discharge to high standards • Uncontrolled operation: • Lower load factors & higher peaks • Required distribution infrastructure upgrades • Planning and Operations challenge to model the system • Controlled operation: • Load leveling = peak shaving + valley filling • Delay distribution infrastructure upgrades • Planning and Operations less challenging to model • Intermittent/renewable/local Distribution support Distribution System Impacts

38. Comments please! IEEE 2030.1 TF2 Draft Webinar Distribution System Impacts

39. Impacts on Transmission Systems Michael I. Henderson, ISO-NE Director, Regional Planning and Coordination mhenderson@iso-ne.com

40. Disclaimer • Properly Presented Information • Accurately represents the positions of ISO New England • Inaccurate Information or Opinions that May Not Fully Agree with ISO New England • My private views and are not meant to represent any organization with which I am affiliated

41. About ISO New England • Not-for-profit corporation created in 1997 to oversee New England’s restructured electric power system • Regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) • Regional Transmission Organization • Independentof companies doing business in the market • No financial interest in companies participating in the market • Major responsibilities: • Reliable operation of the electric grid • Administer wholesale electricity markets • Plan for future system needs

42. New England’s Electric Power Grid ISO and Local Control Centers ISO and Local Control Centers 400 mi. 650 km 320 mi. 520 km • 6.5 million customer meters • 350+ generators • 8,000+ miles of high voltage transmission lines • 6 local control centers • 13 interconnections with approximately 5,000 MW capability to three neighboring systems: • New York • New Brunswick • Hydro Quebec • 32,000 MW of installed generating capacity • Peak load: • Summer: 28,130 MW (8/06) • Winter: 22,818 MW (1/04) • More than 450 participants in the marketplace • Over $9 billion total market value

43. Reliability Guides Regional Planning NPCC Standards are used to ensure that the regional transmission system can reliably deliver power to consumers under a wide range of future system conditions. • North American Electric Reliability Corporation • Reliability Standards for the Bulk Power System in North America • Northeast Power Coordinating Council • Basic Criteria for the Design and Operation of Interconnected Power Systems • ISO New England • Reliability requirements for the regional power system

44. System Expansion Planning and Operations • System adequacy and security • Resources develop/operate in amounts, location, and types when needed • Transmission expansion/maintenance needed for reliability and economic performance • Drivers are the amounts, locations, and characteristics of system loads and resources, transmission system configuration, and control system interactions • Major considerations include: • Future and current operability of the system • Economic performance

45. Planning Is Complex • Markets and bid strategies increase variability • Market power issues • Independent owners make decisions for capital investment • Technology and physical changes

46. Technical Studies Needed • Transmission Planning studies identify system needs and show how a proposed project meets those needs • Studies must address power flow and stability covering: • Power flow performance, control and line utilization • Reactive supply and voltage control requirements • Dynamic and transient stability concerns and control system responses • Reliable system performance must be demonstrated during normal and contingency conditions • Short circuit availability and transient and harmonic performance must be satisfied

47. Growth of Smart Grid Technologies • Smart grid technologies can affect energy use • Examples: Load management and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems • Energy storage is getting increased focus as a benefit to system operations and to mitigate impact of variable resources • Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) can act as loads, sources, or dynamic voltage sources • The large scale integration of EVs will affect the planning and operation of the electric power system grid

48. Effects of EV on the Transmission System • Economics of EVs dependent on many factors which affect their penetration and use • Capital and operating costs • Performance and range • Availability of charging stations • Price of electricity and competing transportation fuels • EVs can • Mitigate or defer transmission system needs • Advance transmission system improvements

49. EVs Change Load Shapes & Performance • EV uses vary: • Community type - urban/suburb/rural areas • Trip purpose- commute/errands/pleasure • Day –weekdays/weekend/holiday • Weather region – driving patterns vary with hot and cold weather • Roaming pattern – charging station operation at different locations • Understanding and predicting EV impacts on the grid depends on their use • Further complicated by EVs acting as a load, real power source, and/or reactive power source

50. Summer vs. Winter Peak Demand