Pharmacy in Public Health: Health Promotion

1. Pharmacy in Public Health:Health Promotion Course, date, etc. info

2. Learning Outcomes • Define health promotion • Relate the determinants of health to health promotion interventions • Identify types of knowledge provided by health education • Differentiate among health promotion interventions at each level • Describe the rationale for pharmacists participation in health promotion

3. The Determinants of Health • Those factors associated with health either internal to the person or a characteristic of their external environment • Health determinants within an ecological framework will be used to guide the discussion of health promotion

4. Levels of Health Determinants • Individual—e.g. level of education • Community—e.g. availability and accessibility of primary health care services • State—e.g. laws promulgated by the state legislature to improve health • National—e.g. availability of grant programs to improve local services • Global—e.g. availability of organizations that can coordinate global responses

5. Levels of Health Determinants

6. Health promotion • Is defined as actions affecting one or more determinants of health • Goal is to enable people to maintain or improve their physical, mental, or social well-being

7. Health promotion within an ecological framework • Positive interactions with the external environment improve health and well-being • Negative interactions with the external environment result in illness or disease

8. Strategies for health promotion • Education—including general literacy as well as health literacy • Modifying the external environment to encourage interactions that promote well-being rather than interactions that promote disease • Combination of the two strategies—provide education and modify the environment

9. Definition of health education • Any activity intended to produce changes in knowledge or ways of thinking that facilitates skill acquisition or behavior change related to health • Most health promotion activities involve at least some education • Education may be aimed at community members or policymakers

10. Components of health education • Awareness—knowledge that a health issue exists • How-to knowledge—the skill to use the knowledge to promote health • Knowledge of principles—why the action promotes health; without knowledge of why, health promotion knowledge may be misused

11. Individual level interventions • Goal and rationale: persuade an individual to engage in activities that promote health—e.g. activities related to hygiene or safety • Target population: usually broad population groups • Interventions: poster campaign; ads on TV • Outcomes & evaluation: proportion of people engaging in activity

12. Example individual level health promotion intervention

13. Community level health promotion intervention • Goal and rationale—an individual’s immediate environment can enable or inhibit healthy behaviors • Target—e.g. community infrastructure • Interventions—e.g. increasing the number of primary care clinics on a university campus • Outcome and evaluation—Timely treatment of minor illness; reduced absenteeism

14. State and national level interventions • Goals and rationale—resource allocation or regulations can improve community infrastructure or services • Target—infrastructure or services • Interventions—Grant programs aimed at improving infrastructure; regulations for manufacture of products, e.g. FDA • Outcome and evaluation—Medications are safe and effective; incidence of drug related events is reduced

15. Global level health promotion interventions • Goal and rationale—Prevent illness or injury • Target—Imported products, including toys, foods, medications • Intervention—Trade agreements, regulations or standards for imported products • Outcomes and evaluation—Reduced exposure to contaminated products; evaluate through reports of defective or contaminated products

16. Role of community pharmacist in health promotion • Community pharmacy is an ideal location for health promotion activities • Pharmacists are trusted health care professionals • Most accessible health care professional • Ability to customize interventions to meet needs of local residents • Address cultural issues in educational materials • Adapt educational level of materials

17. Summary • Health promotion involves actions addressing one or more determinants of health • Goal is to improve well-being • Education is a critical component of health promotion • Health promotion interventions consist of goals and rationale, the target population, the intervention and outcomes/evaluation • Role of pharmacist in health promotion