1AC

1. 1AC The 1st speech given in a RND. Includes: inherency, advantages, & solvency, as well as a plan text – the textual expression of the aff. Policy option. Pre-scripted before the RND.

2. 1NC The first speech given by the neg. & the 2nd speech in the RND. 1NC presents all of the MAJOR arguments which the neg. plans to present in the RND. Off-case arguments are Topicality, DA’s Counter plans, & Critiques (Kritiks). Generally, the neg. also goes on case, contesting the advantage scenarios presented by the aff. In the 1AC, & often contesting Solvency &/or Inherency.

3. 2AC 2AC is the 2nd speech given by the aff., & the 3r speech in the RND. The 2AC MUST answer all of the arguments read in the 1NC. If there is time remaining, the 2AC sometimes, also, includes add-ons, or additional advantage scenarios. If neg. arguments are not addressed, they are considered conceded (dropped).

4. 2NC 2NC is the 2nd speech given by the neg., the 4th speech in the RND. It is the 1st part of the NEGATIVE BLOCK & thus will cover part of the 2AC. OFTEN the 2NC will bring up NEW ARGUMENTS, to require the 1AR to cover more arguments in their 5 minutes. However, SOME judges consider it abusive to add NEW OFF-CASE arguments, as the aff. only has 5 minutes to respond. It is not INAPPROPRIATE to ask the judges view (paradigm) on allowing new arguments in the 2NC; it is a constructive speech.

5. 1NR – PART ONE 1NR is the 3rd speech given by the neg. & the 5th speech. It is the 2nd part of the NEGATIVE BLOCK & takes arguments not covered by the 2NC. The 1NR can take arguments the 2NC did not finish or accidently dropped during the CX. *1NR has the most prep time. It can start prepping during the 2AC, & has whatever prep is taken for the 2NC and its CX after CX’ing the 2AC. This amounts to 11 minutes. Theoretically, the 1NR could practice (sub-vocally) twice before giving their SPEECH. IT CAN BE THAT PREPARED.

6. 1NR – PART TWO As a result, the 1NR will often answer the 2AC arguments which are more preparation intensive (arguments to which the neg. does not already have a prescript). Although the 1NC is the 1st speaker to be done w/speeches in the RND, a good 1NC will continue to flow the rest of the speeches to protect the 2NR & retain a more accurate flow to have more information for future RND’s.

7. 1AR 1AR is the 1st Rebuttal speech given by the aff. & the 6th speech. The 1AR must respond to the ENTIRETY the NEGATIVE BLOCK. The ratio of neg. block time to 1AR is 13:5 in high school. A 1AR may make strategic concessions or undercover certain positions to gain a time trade off to compensate for this apparent inequity. The 1AR is also in many ways a SHADOW speech for the 2AR & the community consensus between what constitutes shadow coverage & what leaves legitimate room for 2AR extrapolation is still argued or contested. Almost all judges will allow the 1AR to read NEW PIECES OF EVIDENCE & make NEW ARGUMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN RESPONSE TO NEW ARGUMENTS DURING THE NEGATIVE BLOCK!

8. 2NR – PART ONE The 2NR is the 4th & last speech given by the neg. & is the 7th speech. The 2NR will often take the remainder of the neg.’s prep time. The 2NR will usually only go for some of the arguments presented in the 1NC, although community norms prevent it for going for 1NC arguments which were not extended in the NEG. BLOCK. Especially in RND’s w/experienced debaters, the 2NR will usually try to win the RND w/as few arguments as possible enabling it to effectively cover all relevant 1AR arguments while gaining a substantial time trade off.

9. 2NR – PART TWO Sometimes the 2NR will go for multiple positions, allowing it to win the RND in multiple worlds, if it believes it can effectively pressure the 2AR. This is risky, because the 2AR, in that situation, will most likely go for the arguments which the 2NR covered the least. Also, the 2NR must “close doors” for the 2AR by predicting the areas in which the 2AR will attempt new extrapolation (to make an inference; to make a conclusion based on something that is known – reasoning by analogy Example: “Since sex education worked in St. Paul and Pomona, we might extra- plate and conclude that it will work throughout the country.”). The 2NR can caution the judge to reject NEW 2AR ARGUMENTS, but this is less effective than preempting such arguments w/”even if” statements.

10. 2AR – PART ONE The 2AR is the 2nd Rebuttal speech given by the Aff. & the 8th speech in the RND. The 2AR generally only answers the arguments made by the 2NR, going to other flows only when the AFF believes the neg. has made a strategic blunder. In general, the 2AR may NOT MAKE NEW ARGUMENTS THAT WERE NOT GIVEN IN THE 1AR. However, because the neg. does not go for arguments that the 1AR had to answer, the 2AR is almost always bigger that the portion of the 1AR in represents.

11. 2AR – PART TWO Some arguments are never new, like forms of extrapolation (inference & draw a conclusion) from 1AR arguments & IMPACT CALCULUS (although many judges prefer it earlier in the RND). The 2AR will almost never present NEW PIECES OF EVIDENCE, but often will refer to pieces of evidence read earlier in the RND by their citation, especially if the AFF wants the judge to read that piece of the evidence after the RND.

12. CX Time This is taken between the constructive speeches & is 3 minutes in length. Prep time for CX is FROWNED ON by judges. Questions should be asked for new information, clarity, contradictions, sources, and this is not a time to play LAWYER OR BE RUDE!

13. PREPARATION TIME In high school debate it is 8 minutes allowed for each time. National Speech and Debate only allows for 5 minutes for each team. The prep time is used at each team’s preference; they can use different amounts before any of their speeches, or even none at all. It is advisable to use all your prep time. It may help you catch an argument.

14. IMPACT CALCULUS BASIC IMPACT CALCULUS: 3 basic types that compare the impacts of the plan to the impacts of a disadvantage. • PROBABILITY (ONE IMPACT IS MORE LIKELY) e.g. Economic collapse is more probable than an outbreak of grey goo, therefore, the risk of economic collapse outweighs the risk of a gray good disaster.

15. IMPACT CALCULUS CONTINUED 2. Timeframe (one impact will happen faster) e.g. An asteroid impact will cause extinction before Global warming will, therefore, an asteroid impact outweighs Global Warming. 3. MAGNITUDE (one impact is bigger) e.g. Nuclear war kills more people than car accidents.

16. IMPACT CALCULUS - CONTINUED MORE SOPHISTICATED ARGUMENTS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED INPACT CALCULUS: • Impact inclusivity (one impact is inclusive of the other) e.g. Global war is inclusive of a Taiwan war, there, global war outweighs Taiwan war. 2. X creates Y (one impact causes the other impact to happen) e.g. War caused genocide, therefore, war outweighs genocide.

17. IMPACT CALCULUS - CONTINUED 3. Internal link short circuiting (one impact prevents a positive impact from happening). e.g. Nuclear war halts space colonization, therefore, nuclear war outweighs space colonization. 4. REVERSIBILITY e.g. Civil liberties lost in the name of security during a time of crisis can be restored later, but deaths caused by a lack of security are irreversible.

18. FRAMEWORK ARGUMENTS= IMPACT CALCULUS Arguments as to why the judge should adopt a utilitarian or consequentialist perspective or conversely a deontological perspective (?) may change the way they compare impacts.

19. IMPACT CALCULUS & NEW ARGUMENTS Basic impact calculus arguments may be made at any time & are generally not considered “new” arguments, even if brought up for the 1st time in the 2NR or 2AR. MORE SOPHISTICATED FORMS OF IMPACT CALCULUS SHOULD GENERALLY BE BROUGHT UP EARLIER IN THE DEBATE & EVIDENCED IF POSSIBLE.