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From Articles of Confederation to Revolution of 1800: A Nation's Growth

Explore the progression of the United States from the Articles of Confederation to the Revolution of 1800 through key events like Shay's Rebellion, the Constitutional Convention, and the Bill of Rights. Learn about the Federalists, the First Administration under the Constitution, and the dynamic between Jefferson and Hamilton. Discover how the country navigated early challenges to establish its political and economic foundations.

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From Articles of Confederation to Revolution of 1800: A Nation's Growth

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  1. Growth of a Nation Articles of Confederation to Revolution of 1800 Unit 3 Kenneth C. Davis

  2. Articles of Confederation 1777 • 13 Colonies joint action for foreign affairs • No power to regulate commerce (tariffs and navigation) • Could not tax • One branch • No president

  3. Landmarks in Land Laws • Land Ordinance of 1785- land should be sold to pay off debt • Northwest Ordinance 1787- surveyed, created territories, statehood

  4. What was Shay’s Rebellion? • Side A: working-class, frontier farmers, inner-city laborers, servants, freed African-Americans, small merchants • Side B: “haves”, land owning, slave holding gentry, and international merchants

  5. Leading up to the Rebellion • Economic depression (separate currencies) • Continental bonuses (barred from holding office/voting) • Farms were seized • Angry mobs • Militia refused to defend the debt courts • Daniel Shays + 700 • Sam Adams-Riot Act • Shay's Army disintegrated

  6. So, who cares...what does it all mean? • Minor event • Did not spread armed insurrection across the states • Their was no ability for the government to control the rebellion • Foreign attack (Spain and England, Natives) • Nor could the states handle overseas trade or financial issues of the country

  7. What was the Constitutional Convention? • Annapolis Convention • 1787 Philadelphia • Four months, 55 delegates • George Washington Two views: “the greatest, the best, and the most enlightened of our citizens” “An assembly of demigods...the well-bred, well-fed, well-read, and the well-wed” • Delegates

  8. “The Great Compromise” • Virginia Plan- large state • New Jersey- small state ___________________________________ • Branches of Government • Bicameral legislative • Upper/lower • Senate/ House of Representatives • 2 per state/population • Three-fifths compromise

  9. Basic powers and checks

  10. What are checks and balances?

  11. What three-letter word is not in the Constitution? Christians • Protestants*** Methodist, Presbyterians, Quakers • Catholics • Episcopal (Anglican) • Congregational (Puritan and Separatists) • Atheist • Enlightenment (age of reason and science)

  12. What does epluribus unum mean? Benjamin Franklin John Adams Thomas Jefferson 1776 1873

  13. Who were the Federalists and what were the Federalist Papers? • Strong central government (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin) • Weak central government (strong states’ rights) Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, George Clinton, Richard Henry Lee Federalist Papers • Individual liberties • Liberty v. equality • Bill of Rights

  14. What was the Bill of Rights? • Defined? • Found? • What is and amendment? • Living document? • James Madison 1791 Amendment 1 Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly Amendment 2 Right to bear arms Amendment 3 Quartering of soldiers Amendment 4 Search and arrest Amendment 5 Rights in criminal cases Amendment 6 Right to a fair trial Amendment 7 Rights in civil cases Amendment 8 Bail, fines, punishment Amendment 9 Rights retained by the People Amendment 10 States' rights

  15. Amendment 11 Lawsuits against statesAmendment 12 Presidential electionsAmendment 13 Abolition of slaveryAmendment 14 Civil rightsAmendment 15 Black suffrageAmendment 16 Income taxesAmendment 17 Senatorial electionsAmendment 18 Prohibition of liquorAmendment 19 Women's suffrageAmendment 20 Terms of officeAmendment 21 Repeal of ProhibitionAmendment 22 Term Limits for the PresidencyAmendment 23 Washington, D.C., suffrageAmendment 24 Abolition of poll taxesAmendment 25 Presidential successionAmendment 26 18-year-old suffrageAmendment 27 Congressional pay raises 9/18/11

  16. Who elected George Washington the first president? Electoral College Elected unanimously 538 citizens – the "electors" 270 535 (435/100)

  17. 9/18/11

  18. The First Administration Under the Constitution • President Washington/ Vice President John Adams • Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War Henry Knox • Chief Justice John Jay • Difficulties over the political and economic foundations • First political parties established (Federalists/Democratic-Republicans) • Achievements: Bill of Rights and Hamilton’s financial system (assuming state debts, imposing customs and excise taxes, and establishing the First Bank of the United States, Judiciary Act)

  19. The 1790 Census 3, 929, 625 population 700,000 slaves 60,000 1/2 south Virginia 820,000 Cities: NYC 33,000 and Philly 42,000

  20. Why didn’t Jefferson like Hamilton? “No other statesman has personified national power and the rule of the favored few so well as Hamilton, and no other has glorified self-government and the freedom of the individual to such a degree as Jefferson” Dumas Malone Jefferson- despised monarchy (weak government and democracy of farmers and workers) Hamilton- government control by the merchant and banking class

  21. Alexander Hamilton Financial disaster (foreign and domestic) France and the Netherland Excise taxes (whiskey) and tariffs Two Key Plans • Report on Public Credit -Federal Government assume the debt of the states (national debt) -Securities 2. National Bank (federal funds, collect and dispense tax money, print money) 80% private investors

  22. Asset 5 years highest credit rating

  23. Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict v. Loose Jefferson-National bank unconstitutional 1791, 20 year charter in Philadelphia

  24. Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton and Washington felt the protest was a test for the Federal government (can it maintain itself) • 12000 men to Pennsylvania • Resistors had no army, simply went back to farms • Back to Philadelphia with no true victory • Significance?

  25. Political Parties Jefferson (south) Hamilton (North) Two-party system emerged Democratic-Republicans and the Federalist

  26. The French Revolution • Created a political division over foreign policy • Washington’s neutrality proclamation angered Democratic-Republicans, who wanted to aid revolutionary France. • Washington’s policy ( Neutrality Proclamation Act) was tested by the British, who violated American neutrality • Hamilton-British • Jefferson-France

  27. Jay’s Treaty • Washington sent John Jay to Britain to settle a commerce treaty, loose ends after revolution • Treaty was lopsided with benefits to England • Hamilton left cabinet returned to law • Washington decided not to run for a 3rd term

  28. Washington’s Farewell Address

  29. Was George Washington killed by his doctors?

  30. John Adams • 1st true presidential race • Federalists- • Adams, Hamilton • Democratic Republicans- • Jefferson, Aaron Burr • President John Adams / Vice President Jefferson • Issue?

  31. John Adams: Issues • First major challenge: foreign policy • By 1796- American support for French low because of the “Reign of Terror’ • American trade was vulnerable to the naval power of France’s adversary, the British • British were seizing American ships, presuming they were aiding the French

  32. XYZ Affair: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” • The French, as a response to Jay’s Treaty, also began seizing American ships WHY? • Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to meet and negotiate with the French Directory • The 3 French negotiators stated that things would run smoothly with an immediate payment of $240,000 • Adams sent a summary of the event to congress, and replaced the names of the French officials with X, Y, Z • Congress authorized-seizure of French ships direct tax to bulk up the U.S. Navy • Undeclared naval war-quasi war

  33. Alien and Sedition Acts • Naturalization Act- increase the amount of time it took to become a citizen. (to keep power away from people born in other countries) • Sedition Act-potential traitors: imprisonment or fines for writing or speaking with intent to defame the president or congress • Jefferson and Madison secretly drafted resolutions to these acts and they were approved by the state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky (Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions), used the powers of the Tenth Amendment • Pressure to repeal 1799

  34. “revolution of 1800”: Thomas Jefferson Why a Revolution????

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