1 / 39

Warm-Up: Galileo

Warm-Up: Galileo.

rowan-mcconnell
Download Presentation

Warm-Up: Galileo

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Warm-Up: Galileo • In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633. Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church had been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before the Roman Inquisition for his scientific teachings. Galileo was shown the traditional instruments of torture used by the Inquisition. Then he was given the chance to recant (renounce) his views of heresy. Galileo was placed under house arrest in Florence for the rest of his life and forbidden to teach. • What did Galileo teach that was heresy to the church at that time?

  2. Warm-Up: Philosopher Matchup • Voltaire • Baron de Montesquieu • Denis Diderot • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • John Locke • Social Contract • The Encyclopedia • The Spirit of Laws • Candide • Two Treatises on Government

  3. Warm-Up: Laissez-faire • In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam Smith, published Wealth of Nations. This book became the foundation for “laissez-faire” economics. • In 2-3 sentences, what is “laissez-faire”? How did it differ from mercantilism?

  4. TAKS Practice Question • The scientific revolution began a slow but profound change in the way people viewed and studied the world. Which of the following expresses one of the major effects of the scientific revolution? • The scientific revolution began to erode beliefs in magical spells, witchcraft, and astrology. • The scientific revolution had an immediate impact on agriculture and medicine. • The scientific revolution created wealth and power for many scientists and thinkers. • The scientific revolution was a major cause of social revolutions that followed it.

  5. Chapter 17 Revolution & Enlightenment Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Section 2: The Enlightenment

  6. Astronomy • Ptolemy • Geocentric: placed the earth at the center of the universe • Copernicus • Heliocentric: placed the sun at the center of the universe; planets revolve around the sun; the moon revolved around the earth

  7. Astronomy & Science • Galileo (mathematics) • Regularly observed the “heavens” using a telescope • Discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter and sunspots • Church ordered him to abandon his Copernican ideas

  8. Astronomy & Science • Newton • Principia: defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal Law of Gravity: every object is attracted to another object in the universe by gravity

  9. Medicine • William Harvey • On the Motion of the Heart and Blood said the heart was the beginning point of circulation • Proved blood flows in both veins and arteries – makes a complete circuit Circulatory System

  10. Medicine • Robert Boyle • Boyle’s Law: properties of gas • Proved volume of gas varies with the pressure exerted on it • Founder of modern chemistry

  11. Women in Science • Margaret Cavendish • “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects…for man is but a small part, his powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.” • Point: man can not control nature, their surroundings • Maria Winkelmann • Discovery of the comet • Applied for position of assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy – rejected because she was a woman and had no degree

  12. Scientific Method • Francis Bacon • A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence • Creating organized experiments to test hypotheses (theories) would lead to correct general principles

  13. Reason • Descartes • “I think, therefore I am” • “The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different.” • Separation of mind and matter (body) • Modern rationalism: belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge Father of Modern Philosophy

  14. Philosophers • Philosophers were writers, professors, journalists, etc. • Nobility and middle class • Role of philosophy was to change the world

  15. Voltaire • Belief in religious toleration • Deism: religious philosophy based on reason and natural law (creator of the universe)

  16. Diderot • Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades (28 volumes) • Attacked religious superstition • Supported religious toleration

  17. Economics • Adam Smith • Belief in free enterprise would benefit society • Laissez-faire economics: state should leave economy alone • 3 Roles of Government: • Protection (Army) • Injustice (Police) • Keeping up public works (roads)

  18. Montesquieu • French nobility • The Spirit of Laws studied 3 governments • Republics: for small states • Despotism: for large states • Monarchies: for moderate-size states • 3 branches of government • Separation of Powers

  19. Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan (1651) • Life is not about morals, but self-preservation • To save people from destroying one another, people must form a state by agreeing to be governed by an absolute ruler with complete power

  20. John Locke • Opposed absolute rule • Beliefs • People live in a state of freedom and equality • People had natural rights – rights with which people are born • People need to be reasonable towards government • Government should protect peoples rights • If they don’t, the people have the right to overthrow the government

  21. Rousseau • Argued that people adopted laws and government to protect private property • Social Contract: when an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will

  22. Mary Wollstonecraft • Vindication of the Rights of Women • Noted that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the power of monarchs over their subjects was wrong • Entitled to the same rights as men

  23. Reading & the French Salons • Increased literacy due to more titles issued and the development of magazines • Salon: elegant rooms in an urban house • Salons brought together writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people

  24. Religion in the Enlightenment • Looking for a deeper devotion to God • Methodism – John Wesley • Gave the lower & middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community • Stressed the importance of hard work

  25. The Baroque Period • During Catholic reform movement • Mixture of Renaissance ideals with spiritual feelings • Reflected search for power • Churches & Palaces were magnificent & richly detailed

  26. The Arts • Ideas of the Enlightenment impacted the world of culture • Baroque: bold ornamentation that expressed grandeur and power • Rococo: emphasized grace, charm and gentle action • Delicate designs and graceful curves • Pursued pleasure, happiness & love • Sense of enchantment and enthusiasm

  27. Music • Baroque Period • Bach • German organist & composer • Mass in B Minor • Handel • German composer • Known for his religious music – Messiah • Classical Period • Haydn • Musical director • The Creation and The Seasons • Mozart • Child prodigy; failed to make big financial gains – life was miserable • The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni

  28. Johann Sebastian Bach George Frider Handel – The Messiah Antonio Vivaldi – The Four Seasons Baroque Musicians & Architecture

  29. Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – The Magic Flute Johann Sebastian Bach Rococo/Classical Musicians & Architecture

  30. William Shakespeare • Brought culture to the masses • Elizabethan Literature: Universal genius combined language skills with deep insight into human psychology and the human condition Romeo & Juliet

  31. The Globe Theater

  32. Ch.17 – Revolution & Enlightenment Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

  33. Enlightened Rulers • Enlightened Absolutism • Rulers… • Allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and of the press and the rights of private property • Nurture the arts, sciences, and education • Obey laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects

  34. Prussia Frederick William I Frederick II Enlarged army and kept strict watch over bureaucracy Abolished the use of torture Granted freedom of speech and press Religious toleration • Strove to maintain a highly efficient bureaucracy • Doubled the army’s size – one of the best armies in Europe • Believed in duty, obedience and sacrifice

  35. Austrian Empire Maria Theresa Joseph II Abolished serfdom Eliminated the death penalty Established the principle of equality for all Enacted religious reforms – religious toleration Problem: alienated nobles by freeing the serfs – lost popularity • Difficult to rule because empire was large • Worked to centralize the empire and strengthen the power of the state • Not open to reform

  36. Russia • Catherine the Great • Intelligent woman who seemed to favor enlightened • Invited Diderot to Russia to help develop reforms • Thought of his ideas as impractical • Only considered equality for all • Knew that success depended on support from Russian nobility

More Related