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Basics of Research Design: Types, Group Differences, Validity, and Relationships

This chapter discusses the basics of research design, including different types of designs, group differences, validity, and the measurement of relationships between variables. It explores concepts such as internal and external validity, field studies, and continuous relationships.

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Basics of Research Design: Types, Group Differences, Validity, and Relationships

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  1. Chapter 7 The Basics of Research Design • All statistical significance tests are really the same test. Statistics are used to describe groups and the dispersion of individual scores around the group mean

  2. Designs • Univariatedesigns: have one dependent variable and one or more independent variables • Multivariate designs: have more than one dependent variable and one or more independent variable • We will focus on univariate designs

  3. Group Differences • Do groups of the independent variable differ on levels of the dependent variable?

  4. Validity associated with Methodology • Internal validity: how sure we are that the effects or changes we see in the dependent variable are due to changes in the independent variable • External validity: how closely the experimental situation corresponds to a real world situation

  5. Reciprocity • There is a reciprocal relationship between internal validity and external validity: Attempts to improve or maximize one are likely to minimize the other

  6. Field Studies • Field studies produce high levels of external validity, but to do so must sacrifice at least some internal validity (experimental control)

  7. Internal/External Validity • Field studies show that effects found in the lab occur in the world • Lab studies demonstrate the effects exist

  8. Continuous Relationships • Survey-type methodologies produce questions and answers to relationships among variables • Both dependent and independent variables are continuous • Correlation = a bivariate descriptive statistic that measures the relationship between two variables

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